{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:35:02Z","timestamp":1760236502181,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study across the Pliensbachian\u2013Toarcian boundary sedimentary record in the Bizanet section of the Pyrenean Basin (southern France) revealed the presence of solid bitumen. This secondary organic matter was characterized using petrographic (transmitted and reflected white lights, incident blue light, and scanning electron microscopy) and geochemical (total organic carbon, total sulfur, and insoluble residue) techniques. The spore coloration index (SCI) was also determined. With the characterization of the optical properties and reflectance of the solid bitumen, it was possible to distinguish four different families (A\u2013D) that display a wide range of reflectance values, from 0.21% to 2.64% BRr, i.e., from glance pitch to meso-impsonite. SCI values were higher than 9\u20139.5 (%Req &gt; 1.50%). The comparison between the equivalent vitrinite reflectance values of the solid bitumen and SCI showed that this index and the solid bitumen D values are concordant, indicating that solid bitumen D can be considered an indigenous bitumen. The other three families of solid bitumen (A\u2013C) are considered as having migrated. The laterally equivalent Pont de Suert section (South Pyrenean Zone) displays no trace of solid bitumen which points to the important role of the morphotectonic context of the Bizanet section in the migration of these hydrocarbons, namely, the presence of a major thrust fault in the eastern Corbi\u00e8res close to the section\u2019s location.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min11121338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T22:01:11Z","timestamp":1638309671000},"page":"1338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Solid Bitumen Occurrences in the Pyrenean Basin (Southern France): A Case Study across the Pliensbachian\u2013Toarcian Boundary"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse, University of Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Graciano","family":"Mendon\u00e7a Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Palinof\u00e1cies e F\u00e1cies Org\u00e2nica (LAFO), Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-916, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"L\u00e9zin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse, University of Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Frederico","family":"Sobrinho da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Palinof\u00e1cies e F\u00e1cies Org\u00e2nica (LAFO), Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-916, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds V.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tissot, B., and Welte, D.H. (1984). Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-87813-8"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"365","article-title":"Dispersed solid bitumens as an indicator for migration and maturity in prospecting for oil and gas","volume":"38","author":"Jacob","year":"1985","journal-title":"Erd\u00f6l Und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochem."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hunt, J.M. (1996). Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, W.H. Freeman and Company. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"475","article-title":"Unconventional shale-gas systems: The Mississippian Barnett shale of north-Central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment","volume":"91","author":"Jarvie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2007.01.001","article-title":"Kerogen origin, evolution and structure","volume":"38","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2018.05.013","article-title":"Origin, properties, and implications of solid bitumen in source-rock reservoirs: A review","volume":"195","author":"Mastalerz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(00)00190-X","article-title":"Pyrobitumen occurrence and formation in a Cambro-Ordovician sandstone reservoir, Fahud salt basin, North Oman","volume":"168","author":"Huc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2005.12.007","article-title":"Reactive polar precipitation via ether cross-linkage: A new mechanism for solid bitumen formation","volume":"37","author":"Walters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2013.07.013","article-title":"Organic geochemistry and petrography of Lower Cretaceous Wealden black shales of the Lower Saxony Basin: The transition from lacustrine oil shales to gas shales","volume":"63","author":"Rippen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2015.06.010","article-title":"Depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential of the middle Triassic strata of the Sverdrup Basin, Canada","volume":"147\u2013148","author":"Kondla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2015.12.001","article-title":"Impact of termal maturation on nano-scale elastic properties of organic matter in shales","volume":"70","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2016.06.010","article-title":"Application of organic petrography in North America shale petroleum systems: A review","volume":"163","author":"Hackley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Nuccio, V.F., and Barker, C.E. (1990). A review of the use of bitumen reflectance in hydrocarbon exploration with examples from Melville Island, Arctic Canada. Applications of Thermal Maturity Studies to Energy Exploration, SEPM."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-5162(89)90113-4","article-title":"Classification, structure, genesis and practical importance of natural solid oil bitumen (\u201cmigrabitumen\u201d)","volume":"11","author":"Jacob","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(95)90013-6","article-title":"Maturation and bulk chemical properties of a suite of solid hydrocarbons","volume":"22","author":"Landis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(86)90054-9","article-title":"Origin of solid bitumens, with emphasis on biological marker results","volume":"10","author":"Curiale","year":"1986","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(83)90274-0","article-title":"Sterane distribution of solid bitumen pyrolyzates. Changes with biodegradation of crude oil in Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma","volume":"47","author":"Curiale","year":"1983","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"951","article-title":"Chitinozoan, graptolite and scolecodont reflectance as an alternative to vitrinite and pyrobitumen reflectance in Ordovician and Silurian Strata, Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada","volume":"71","author":"Bertrand","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(90)90102-6","article-title":"Correlations among the reflectances of vitrinite, chitinozoans, graptolites and scolecodonts","volume":"15","author":"Bertrand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/00908319308909027","article-title":"Standardization of solid bitumen reflectance to vitrinite in some Paleozoic sequences of Canada","volume":"15","author":"Bertrand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Energy Sources"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00908319308909029","article-title":"Optical and geochemical classification of Pine Point bitumens and evidence for their origin from two separate source rocks","volume":"15","author":"Fowler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Energy Sources"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-5162(93)90031-5","article-title":"Solid bitumen reflectance and Rock-Eval Tmax as maturation indices: An example from the \u201cNordegg Member\u201d, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin","volume":"22","author":"Riediger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-8172(97)00031-7","article-title":"The origin of pyrobitumens in Upper Devonian Leduc Formation gas reservoirs, Albert, Canada: An optical and EDS study of oil to gas transformation","volume":"14","author":"Stasiuk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(98)00078-3","article-title":"Geochemical comparison of reservoir solid bitumens with diverse origins","volume":"29","author":"Hwang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2006.12.002","article-title":"Biomarker evidence for two sources for solid bitumens in the Subu wells: Implications for the petroleum prospectivity of the East Papuan Basin","volume":"38","author":"George","year":"2007","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2007.03.010","article-title":"Polyphase thermal evolution in the infra-Cambrian Ara Group (South Oman Salt Basin) as deducted by maturity of solid reservoir bitumen","volume":"38","author":"Schoenherr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2008.04.007","article-title":"Distinguishing solid bitumens formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction and thermal chemical alteration","volume":"39","author":"Kelemen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2010.06.013","article-title":"Characterization of solid bitumens originating from thermal chemical alteration and thermo-chemical sulfate reduction","volume":"74","author":"Kelemen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2012.06.001","article-title":"Geochemical characterization of solid bitumen (migrabitumen) in the Jurassic sandstone reservoir of the tut field, Shushan Basin, northern Western Desert of Egypt","volume":"100","author":"Shalaby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"217","article-title":"Solid bitumen occurrences in the Arruda sub-basin (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal): Petrographic features","volume":"139","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72692-2","article-title":"Genesis of solid bitumen","volume":"10","author":"Sanei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.017","article-title":"Thermal maturity assessment study of the late Pliensbachian-early Toarcian organic-rich sediments in Southern France: Grands Causses, Quercy and Pyrenean basins","volume":"91","author":"Fonseca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"761","article-title":"Le lias des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","volume":"2","year":"2002","journal-title":"Strata"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Boix, C., and Perez, R. (2003, January 21\u201324). The position of the south pyrenean margin in the late cretaceous: Evidence for larger foraminifera. Proceedings of the AAPG International Conference, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2113\/gssgfbull.III.3.551","article-title":"Un mod\u00e8le de charriage \u00e9piglyptique: La nappe des Corbi\u00e8res orientales (Aude, France)","volume":"III","author":"Viallard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. G\u00e9ol. Fr."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"ASTM (2008). Standard Test Methods for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion Methods, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2002). Methods for the Determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in Soils and Sediments, Office of Research and Development."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagiotaras, D. (2012). Organic facies: Palynofacies and organic geochemistry approaches. Geochemistry\u2014Earth\u2019s System Processes, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/1880"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a Filho, J.G., Menezes, T.R., and Mendon\u00e7a, J.O. (2014). Organic composition (palynofacies analysis). 7th ICCP Training Course on Dispersed Organic Matter, GFZ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyson, R.V. (1995). Sedimentary Organic Matter. Organic Facies and Palynofacies, Chapman and Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0739-6"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Fisher, M.J., Barnard, P.C., and Cooper, B.S. (1976\u201315, January 29). Organic maturation and hydrocarbon generation in the mesozoic sediments of the sverdrup basin, arctic Canada. Proceedings of the IV International Palynological Conference, Lucknow, India."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"ISO (2009). Methods for the Petrographic Analysis of Coals\u2014Part 2: Methods of Preparing Coal Samples, ISO."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"ASTM (2014). Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Reflectance of Vitrinite Dispersed in Sedimentary Rocks, ASTM International."}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/11\/12\/1338\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:37:27Z","timestamp":1760168247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/11\/12\/1338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["min11121338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min11121338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-163X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]}}}