{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:21:55Z","timestamp":1778901715557,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of building materials constituting cultural heritage is fundamental to understand their characteristics and predict their behavior. When considering materials from archaeological sites, their characterization can provide not only relevant information for a broader understanding of the site and its importance and significance but can also increase knowledge about ancient materials and their performance. The Palace of Knossos is a very important archaeological site in the European history context, and its preservation benefits from the characterization of the constituent materials. Samples of mortars from this monument were collected under the scope of the H2020 HERACLES project, where a multi-analytical approach was chosen using established protocols for the different sample typologies. Instrumental techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG\u2013DTA) were used for the chemical, mineralogical, and morphological characterization of these mortar samples. The results indicate that the majority are lime mortars, both aerial and hydraulic, but gypsum-based mortars were also identified. Differences in the chemical composition of the samples in distinct areas of the monument allowed us to reflect on the variety of materials used in the construction of the Palace of Knossos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min12010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mortars from the Palace of Knossos in Crete, Greece: A Multi-Analytical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3627-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOBIOTEC and Earth Sciences Department, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2803-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOBIOTEC and Earth Sciences Department, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2803-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elissavet","family":"Kavoulaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPHORATE of Antiquities of Heraklion, Xanthoudidou & 1 Chatzidaki Str, 71202 Heraklion, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2113-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Margarida","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-1015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Pereira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEG\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Recursos Minerais e Geof\u00edsica, Apt. 7586, 2610-999 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7350-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"\u00c1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Padeletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISMN\u2014Instituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, 10 Via Salaria km 29.5, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5324-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Science & Technology\u2014FCT NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Air Pollution and Architecture: Past, Present and Future","volume":"6","author":"Brimblecombe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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