{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:39:50Z","timestamp":1768592390277,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Lisboa Regional Programme and European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Lisboa Regional Programme and European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Lisboa Regional Programme and European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["794048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["794048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["794048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["794048"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/HAR-ARQ\/32290\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020-2023"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["794048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["794048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Findings of Iron Age metallurgical activities related to tin metal and mining are very rare. In the present work, we present a detailed study of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort, dated to the Late Iron Age\/Early Roman period, located in a place where 20th century tin mining work took place. Elemental and microstructural analysis by portable, micro and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF, micro-XRF and WDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectrometer (SEM-EDS) showed that metallurgical debris found at the archaeological site is related to tin smelting and binary and ternary bronze productions. Analysis of the artefacts of diverse typologies found at the site showed that a variety of metals and alloys were in circulation and use. Samples of tin ores (cassiterite) from the region were analyzed for comparison with an archaeological tin slag from the site. The analytical results point to the production of tin metal using local cassiterite and the production of bronze by directly adding cassiterite into a smelting process. Furthermore, data of remote sensing (airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and historical aerial imagery) and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping were combined with archival mining documentation and maps to retrieve a landscape context for the site. The study showed that the place of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort (NW Iberia) was mined periodically over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min12060758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T03:01:22Z","timestamp":1655348482000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tin and Bronze Production at the Outeiro de Baltar Hillfort (NW Iberia)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4821-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais (CENIMAT\/i3N), Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4688-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais (CENIMAT\/i3N), Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0367-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-9631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa de Vel\u00e1zquez, \u00c9cole des Hautes \u00c9tudes Hispaniques et Ib\u00e9riques (EHEHI), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5425-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-Seco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICGE (Research Centre for Geospatial Sciences), University of Maia\u2014ISMAI, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7932-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel F. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0914-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui J. C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais (CENIMAT\/i3N), Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5324-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais (CENIMAT\/i3N), Departamento de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 04). Catalogaci\u00f3n do Patrimonio Cultural da Alta Limia, Fundaci\u00f3n Barri\u00e9. Museo Arqueol\u00f3xico Provincial de Ourense. Grupo Marcelo Mac\u00edas. Xunta da Galicia. 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