{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T17:14:02Z","timestamp":1769015642917,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this case study, 2D micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (\u00b5-EDXRF) surveys were performed in the nepheline syenite (NS) of \u201cSerra de Monchique\u201d located in the southwest region of Portugal (Algarve, Iberian Peninsula). The results allow the identification in the mineral matrix of certain elements classified as critical raw materials (CRMs). Due to substitution effects, some scarce transition elements, such as Zn and Ni, are present and camouflaged in alkali silicate minerals, while others, such as Co, are included in ferromagnesian mineral phases. As expected, incompatible elements are preferably distributed on the surface of aluminosilicate mineral phases such as Rb and Ga, or exclusively in K-bearing feldspar phases, as it is the case of Sr. Interesting CRMs such as Ti, Zr, and Nb are well individualized in oxides, as well as in sphene and apatite. The detected antagonistic chemical distribution between Ti and Fe, and the good spatial relation between Ti and Ca confirms that Ti is present as sphene and, in areas with absent Si, probably occurs as rutile. Nb has a distribution pattern quite similar to Zr and occurs due to substitution effects. It was possible to conclude that there is probable co-existence of Zr-REE-Nb in specific mineral phases such as apatite, zircon, and other Zr-oxides. These results evidence and confirm NS as a potential source of multiple industrial minerals and distinct scarce elements which are incorporated in oxide or phosphate phases that can be more effectively separated in the beneficiation process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min12091178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"1178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring High-Resolution Chemical Distribution Maps of Incompatible and Scarce Metals in a Nepheline Syenite from the Massif of \u201cSerra de Monchique\u201d (Portugal, Iberian Peninsula)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6233-2970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2014GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering & NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIBPhys & NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2232-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Dur\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8387-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Grilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0375-3433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jonhsman","family":"Cagiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2014GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering & NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6039-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Pessanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIBPhys & NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2014GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering & NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2014GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering & NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/egh069","article-title":"The Gronnedal-Ika Carbonatite-Syenite Complex, South Greenland: Carbonatite Formation by Liquid Immiscibility","volume":"46","author":"Halama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2016.10.009","article-title":"Whole-rock geochemical, U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of the Dongueni Mont nepheline syenite intrusion, Mozambique","volume":"8","author":"Manjate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2016.080.122","article-title":"The REE- and HFSE-bearing phases in the Itatiaia alkaline complex (Brazil) and geochemical evolution of feldspar-rich felsic melts","volume":"81","author":"Melluso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Miner. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gronen, L.H., Sindern, S., Katzmarzyk, J.L., Bormann, U., Hellmann, A., Wotruba, H., and Meyer, F.M. (2019). Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization of Zr-REE-Nb Ores from Khalzan Buregtei (Mongolia)\u2014Approaches to More Efficient Extraction of Rare Metals from Alkaline Granitoids. Minerals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/min9040217"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Laznicka, P. (2006). 12.8.2. Alkaline metallogeny and giant deposits. Giant Metallic Deposits: Future Sources of Industrial Metals, Springer. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2014.10.005","article-title":"Beneficiation studies of a complex REE ore","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2014.09.006","article-title":"Studies on extraction of potassium values from nepheline syenite","volume":"133","author":"Jena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, June 15). Leading Edge Materials Produces High Purity Nepheline Co-Product from Norra Karr Rare Element Project. Available online: https:\/\/leadingedgematerials.com\/leading-edge-materials-produces-high-purity-nepheline-co-product-from-norra-karr-rare-element-project\/."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Mineral beneficiation of nepheline syenite with combination of dry magnetic separation and flotation methods","volume":"55","author":"Cinar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physi. Probl. Mineral Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Vicente, C.B.B. (2015). Potential of Monchique Nepheline Syenite for incorporation in the Ceramic Industry (Potencial do Sienito Nefel\u00ednico de Monchique Para Incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o na Ind\u00fastria Cer\u00e2mica). [Master\u2019s Thesis in Geolgical Engineering, NOVA-School of Science and Technology]. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10362\/16340."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"The distribution of elements in the alteration of feldspatic minerals","volume":"165","author":"Deniz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Miner. Res. Explor."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kogarko, L. (2018). Chemical Composition and Petrogenetic Implications of Apatite in the Khibiny Apatite-Nepheline Deposits (Kola Peninsula). Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8110532"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1180\/0026461067050346","article-title":"Apatite-group minerals from nepheline syenite, Pilansberg alkaline complex, South Africa","volume":"70","author":"Liferovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Miner. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barranco, I., Tvarijonaviciute, A., Perez-Pati\u00f1o, C., Vicente-Carrillo, A., Parrilla, I., Ceron, J.J., Martinez, E.A., Rodriguez-Martinez, H., and Roca, J. (2016). Glutathione Peroxidase 5 Is Expressed by the Entire Pig Male Genital Tract and Once in the Seminal Plasma Contributes to Sperm Survival and In Vivo Fertility. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162958"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2016.080.150","article-title":"Application of benchtop micro-XRF to geological materials","volume":"81","author":"Flude","year":"2017","journal-title":"Miner. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"171","article-title":"Micro\u2013X-ray fluorescence (\u03bcXRF) analysis of proximal impactites: High-resolution element mapping, digital image analysis, and quantifications","volume":"Volume 550","author":"Reimold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution VI: Geological Society of America Special Paper"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"104","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude g\u00e9ochronologique par la m\u00e9thode du strontion, des formations cristallines du Portugal","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Mendes","year":"1967","journal-title":"Parue au Boletin do Museu e Laboratorio Mineralogico e Geologico da Faculdade de Ciencias Universidade de Lisboa"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"143","article-title":"Estudo geol\u00f3gico e geoqu\u00edmico do Maci\u00e7o de Monchique","volume":"13","author":"Santos","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bol. Mus. Lab. Min. Geol. Fac. Univ. Lisboa"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Rock, N.M.S. (1983). Alguns Aspectos Geol\u00f3gicos, Petrol\u00f3gicos e Geoqu\u00edmicos do Complexo Eruptivo de Monchique, Communica\u00e7\u00f5es dos Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00371160","article-title":"Chemical mineralogy of the Monchique alkaline complex, southern Portugal","volume":"81","author":"Rock","year":"1982","journal-title":"Contrib. Miner. Pet."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"62p","article-title":"Subs\u00eddios Para o Conhecimento Geol\u00f3gico do Maci\u00e7o Eruptivo de Monchique","volume":"18","year":"1971","journal-title":"Serv. Geol. Portugal Nova S\u00e9r."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, July 15). Geologia do Algarve Escala 1:100 000, Geologia de Portugal Escala 1:200 000, Folha 7, Geoportal, LNEG. Available online: https:\/\/geoportal.lneg.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Clavijo, E.J., and Valadares, V. (2003). A Estrutura do Complexo de Monchique, Ci\u00eancias da Terra (UNL)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, J., Bravo, M.S., and Ribeiro, M.L. (2022, July 15). Distribution of Rare Earths and Other Incompatible Elements in the Monchique Massif; Preliminary Note (Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de Terras Raras e Outros Elementos Incompat\u00edveis no Maci\u00e7o de Monchique; Nota Preliminar). Colec\u00e7\u00e3o DCT\u2014Ci\u00eancias da Terra. Available online: https:\/\/run.unl.pt\/handle\/10362\/4686."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/19.2.171","article-title":"Petrology and Petrogenesis of the Monchique Alkaline Complex, Southern Portugal","volume":"19","author":"Rock","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pet."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Oliveira, J.T. (1984). Carta geol\u00f3gica dePortugal, escala 1\/200000. Not\u00edcia Explicativa da Folha 7, Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"421","article-title":"Comparative geochemistry of nepheline syenites, tinguaites, phonolites and fenites from southern Portugal and East Africa","volume":"22","author":"Rock","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Geol. Portugal"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, J. (2003). Igneous Rocks as an Ornamental Stone. Causes, Conditions and Mechanisms of Change. Technological Implications (Rochas \u00edgneas Como Pedra Ornamental. Causas, Condicionantes e Mecanismos de Altera\u00e7\u00e3o. Implica\u00e7\u00f5es Tecnol\u00f3gicas). [PhD Thesis, Geolgical Engineering, NOVA-School of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Valdares, V.L. (2004). The Alkaline Complex of Monchique. New Cartography, Geochemistry and Geochronology Data (O Complexo Alcalino de Monchique. Novos Dados de Cartografia, Geoqu\u00edmica e Geocronologia). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Dinamic Geology, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.2737","article-title":"Detection limits evaluation of a portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence setup using different filter combinations","volume":"46","author":"Pessanha","year":"2017","journal-title":"X-Ray Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"R Core Team (2013). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Hothorn, T., and Everitt, B.S. (2020, May 02). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using R. Document. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/HSAUR3."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hothorn, T., and Everitt, B.S. (2017). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using R, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahlf, T. (2017). Data Visualisation with R\u2014100 Examples, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49751-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-09-231","article-title":"Countcolors. An R package for quantification of the fluorescence emitted by Pseudo-gymnoascus destructans lesions on the wing membranes of hibernating bats","volume":"56","author":"Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Weller, H. (2022, July 18). Package \u2018countcolors\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/countcolors\/countcolors.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa, S., Dias, A., Ferraz, A., Amaro, S., Brito, M.G., Almeida, J.A., and Pessanha, S. (2021). The Dual Paradigm of Mining Waste: \u201cFrom Ecotoxicological Sources to Potential Polymetallic Resources\u201d\u2014An Example from Iberian Pyrite Belt (Portugal). Mater. Proc., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/materproc2021005023"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa, S., Dias, A., and Pacheco, M. (2022). Investigating metals and metalloids in soil at micrometric scale using \u00b5-XRF spectros-copy\u2014a case study. ICE J. Environ. Geotech., submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/eng4010008"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7255","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7255","article-title":"colocr: An R package for conducting co-localization analysis on fluorescence microscopy images","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. (2022, July 18). Package \u2018Using Colocr. An R Package for Conducting Co-Localization Analysis\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/cran.rproject.org\/web\/packages\/countcolors\/countcolors.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116545","article-title":"Multicomponent diffusion of F, Cl and OH in apatite with application to magma ascent rates","volume":"550","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2015.07.004","article-title":"Insights into the behaviour of S, F, and Cl at Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala, from apatite and glass","volume":"232","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(57)90014-5","article-title":"The distribution of lithium, rubidium and caesium in igneous and sedimentary rocks","volume":"12","author":"Horstman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2020.103769","article-title":"Petrology and geochemistry of selected nepheline syenites from Malawi and their potential as alternative potash sources","volume":"164","author":"Chiwona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sc."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Davidson, J. (2006). Strontium in igneous rocks. Geochemistry. Encyclopedia of Earth Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.1949.028.205.05","article-title":"Notes on the mineralogy and geochemistry of zinc","volume":"28","author":"Neumann","year":"1949","journal-title":"Miner. Mag. J. Miner. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Salminen, R., Batista, M.J., Bidovec, M., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., and Halamic, J. (2022, July 10). Part 1 Background Information, Methodology and Maps. Introduction to the Chemistry and Geochemistry of the Elements. Ba-Carium. 2005, 71\u201377. ISBN 951-690.913-2 (Electronic Version). Available online: http:\/\/weppi.gtk.fi\/publ\/foregsatlas\/text\/Ba.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"4","article-title":"Late Sr-Ba pocket mineralization in under-saturated dyke-rocks from the Alkaline Massif of Monchique\u2014Southern Portugal (Mineraliza\u00e7\u00e3o Sr-Ba tardia em cavidades de rochas filonianas subsaturadas do Maci\u00e7o Alcalino de Monchique). GEOTIC\u2014Sociedade Geol\u00f3gica de Portugal. VIII Congresso Nacional de Geologia","volume":"16","author":"Alves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geosci. Online J. e-Terra"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Salminen, R., Batista, M.J., Bidovec, M., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., and Halamic, J. (2022, July 10). Atlas of Europe. Part 1 Background Information, Methodology and Maps. Introduction to the Chemistry and Geochemistry of the Elements. Zn-Zinc. 2005, 417\u2013423. ISBN 951-690.913-2 (Electronic Version). Available online: http:\/\/weppi.gtk.fi\/publ\/foregsatlas\/article.php?id=5."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.43.5.1781","article-title":"Copper and zinc in silicate and oxide minerals in igneous rocks from the bingham park city belt, utah: Synchrotron X-ray-fluorescence data","volume":"43","author":"Core","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Miner."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2017.82.12","article-title":"The Isotope Geochemistry of Ni","volume":"82","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Miner. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12932-018-0059-2","article-title":"Natural speciation of nickel at the micrometer scale in serpentine (ultramafic) topsoils using microfocused X-ray fluorescence, diffraction, and absorption","volume":"19","author":"Siebecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geochem. Trans."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitzman, M.W., Bookstrom, A.A., Slack, J.F., and Zientek, M.L. (2017). Cobalt\u2014Styles of Deposits and the Search for Primary Deposits.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20171155"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(61)90087-4","article-title":"The geochemistry of cobalt","volume":"23","author":"Carr","year":"1961","journal-title":"Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.01.039","article-title":"Investigation of microwave roasting for potash extraction from nepheline syenite","volume":"161","author":"Jena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sep. and Purif. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2017.02.002","article-title":"The global rare earth element exploration boom: An analysis of resources outside of China and discussion of development perspectives","volume":"52","author":"Paulick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2018.12.005","article-title":"Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact","volume":"10","author":"Balaram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Wills, B.A. (1992). Mineral Processing, Butterworth Heinemann. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"378","article-title":"Crushing & Grinding Calculations Part I","volume":"622","author":"Bond","year":"1951","journal-title":"Br. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC02188F","article-title":"Industrial applications of molecular recognition technology to separations of platinum group metals and selective removal of metal impurities from process streams","volume":"17","author":"Izatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Izatt, S.R., Bruening, R.L., Krakowiak, K.E., and Izatt, R.M. (2018, January 23\u201325). Molecular recognition technology: Green chemistry separation and recovery of individual rare earth elements from primary and secondary sources. Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Technology of Rare Earths, Tirupati, India."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Noble, A., Yang, X., and Honaker, R. (2020). A Comprehensive Review of Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal-Related Materials. Minerals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/min10050451"}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/12\/9\/1178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:34:26Z","timestamp":1760142866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/12\/9\/1178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["min12091178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min12091178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-163X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]}}}