{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:55:58Z","timestamp":1773338158449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES through national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES through national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES through national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES through national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERA-MIN\/0002\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0002\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MOSTMEG project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MOSTMEG project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MOSTMEG project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"MOSTMEG project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERA-MIN\/0002\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0002\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Segura mining field, the easternmost segment of the G\u00f3is\u2013Panasqueira\u2013Segura tin\u2013tungsten metallogenic belt (north\u2013central Portugal), includes Sn-W quartz veins and Li-Sn aplite-pegmatites, which are believed to be genetically related to Variscan Granites. Sediment geochemistry indicates granite-related Ti-enrichments, locally disturbed by mineralization, suggesting magmatic and metamorphic\/metasomatic titaniferous phases. Therefore, Segura alluvial samples and the geochemistry of their TiO2 polymorphs (rutile, anatase, and brookite) were investigated, and their potential as exploration tools for Sn and W deposits was evaluated. The heavy-mineral assemblages proved to be good proxies for bedrock geology, and TiO2 polymorph abundances were found to be suitable indicators of magmatic and\/or metasomatic hydrothermal processes. The trace element geochemistry of Segura\u2019s alluvial rutile, anatase, and brookite is highly variable, implying multiple sources and a diversity of mineral-forming processes. The main compositional differences between TiO2 polymorphs are related to intrinsic (structural) factors, and to the P-T-X extrinsic parameters of their forming environments. Anomalous enrichments, up to 9% Nb, 6% Sn and W, 3% Fe, 2% Ta, and 1% V in rutile, and up to 1.8% Fe, 1.7% Ta, 1.2% Nb, 1.1% W 0.5% Sn and V in anatase, were registered. Brookite usually has low trace element content (&lt;0.5%), except for Fe (~1%). HFSE-rich and granitophile-rich rutile is most likely magmatic, forming in extremely differentiated melts, with Sn and W contents enabling the discrimination between Sn-dominant and W-dominant systems. Trace element geochemical distribution maps show pronounced negative Sn (rutile+anatase) and W (rutile) anomalies linked to hydrothermal cassiterite precipitation, as opposed to their hydrothermal alteration halos and to W-dominant cassiterite-free mineralized areas, where primary hydrothermal rutile shows enrichments similar to magmatic rutile. This contribution recognizes that trace element geochemistry of alluvial TiO2 polymorphs can be a robust, cost- and time-effective, exploration tool for Sn(W) and W(Sn) ore deposit systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min12101248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T04:00:02Z","timestamp":1665288002000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Trace Element Geochemistry of Alluvial TiO2 Polymorphs as a Proxy for Sn and W Deposits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C6, Piso 4, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C1, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5825-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Gr\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C1, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), Mineral Resources and Geophysics Research Unit, Ap. 7586, 2611-901 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rute","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), Mineral Resources and Geophysics Research Unit, Ap. 7586, 2611-901 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8764-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"White, W.M. (2013). Geochemistry, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morton, A.C. (1978). Heavy minerals. 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