{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:41:14Z","timestamp":1763415674514,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259 (PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/29259\/2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259 (PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/29259\/2017)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259 (PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/29259\/2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259 (PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/29259\/2017)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259 (PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/29259\/2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259 (PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/29259\/2017)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From the colonial era to modern times, gold mining has played a crucial role in shaping Brazil\u2019s economy, culture, and landscape, particularly in the Iron Quadrangle region. Therefore, resulting waste has accumulated in tailings structures, either from deactivated circuits or plants still in production. The present study reveals the potential assessed based on a set of metallurgical tests, assuming specific scenarios depending on the occurrence modes of interesting economic elements. For Au, calcination, leaching, and flotation are promising techniques to recover this element. Tests indicated that toxic elements such as Sb and As could be effectively reused in the form of glass. The generation of other products from dry cleaning techniques was not effective but promising since there was an enrichment of elements with Au, Fe, Al, and K in specific fractions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min13070863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:39:13Z","timestamp":1687757953000},"page":"863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Adding Value to Mine Waste through Recovery Au, Sb, and As: The Case of Auriferous Tailings in the Iron Quadrangle, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mariana Gazire","family":"Lemos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Minho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining & Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Maria","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Minho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0922-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia Paula","family":"Marinho Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Minho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Maria","family":"Ferreira Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of \u00c9vora, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-345 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Guabiroba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining & Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gregorio","family":"da Mata Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining & Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcus Felix","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining & Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Itamar Daniel","family":"Delbem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-013, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Giovana","family":"Rebelo Di\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory on Basin Analysis, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81532-980, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gomes, A.C.F. (2017). Estudo de Aproveitamento de Rejeito de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorakhki, M.H., and Bareither, C.A. (2017). Sustainable reuse of mine tailings and waste rock as water-balance covers. Minerals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/min7070128"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, April 01). Circular Economy of Metals and Responsible Mining. Available online: https:\/\/blogs.egu.eu\/network\/gfgd\/2018\/04\/24\/circular-economy-of-metals-and-responsible-mining\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, April 10). Minera\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil Colonial. Available online: https:\/\/brasilescola.uol.com.br\/historiab\/mineracao-no-brasil-colonial.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10057","DOI":"10.1021\/ie202963z","article-title":"Sustainability and waste management in the resource industries","volume":"51","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Silva, A.P.M., Viana, J.P., and Cavalcante, A.L.B. (2012). Diagn\u00f3stico dos Res\u00edduos S\u00f3lidos da Atividade de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o de Subst\u00e2ncias N\u00e3o Energ\u00e9ticas, Instituto de Pesquisa Econ\u00f4mica Aplicada."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2010.05.004","article-title":"An overview of global gold market and gold price forecasting","volume":"35","author":"Shafiee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Moraes, S.L., Motta, F.G., Massola, C.P., Saccoccio, E.M., and J\u00fanior, M.C. (2017). Anais dos Semin\u00e1rios de Redu\u00e7\u00e3o, Min\u00e9rio de Ferro e Aglomera\u00e7\u00e3o, Proceedings of the 18\u00b0 Simp\u00f3sio de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil, 2\u20136 Editora Blucher Octomber 2017, Institute for Technological Research."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, April 12). ANM, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/anm\/pt-br."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"325","article-title":"Desenvolvimento e inova\u00e7\u00e3o em minera\u00e7\u00e3o e metais","volume":"43","author":"Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"BNDES Set."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lalancette, J.M., Lemieux, D., Nasrallah, K., Curiel, G.G., and Barbaroux, R. (2015). Method for Vitrification of Arsenic And Antimony. (9981295 B2), U.S. Patent, Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US9981295B2\/en."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-021-00754-6","article-title":"Geoenvironmental study of gold mining tailings in a circular economy context: Santa Barbara, Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Lemos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mine Water Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemos, M., Valente, T., Marinho Reis, P., Fonseca, R., Delbem, I., Ventura, J., and Magalh\u00e3es, M. (2021). Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of gold mining tailings and their potential to generate acid mine drainage (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Minerals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11010039"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2020.106614","article-title":"Revalorization of Haveri Au-Cu mine tailings (SW Finland) for potential reprocessing","volume":"218","author":"Parviainen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, June 14). Study on the Critical Raw Materials for the EU 2023\u2014Final Report. Available online: https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/publications\/study-critical-raw-materials-eu-2023-final-report_en."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Critical Raw Materials Resilience: Charting a Path Towards Greater Security and Sustainability, 474 Final, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wolkersdorfer, C., and Freund, A. IMWA 2010 Proceedings, Proceedings of the International Mine Water Association Symposium\u2014Mine Water and Innovative Thinking, Sydney, Canada, 5\u20139 September 2010, Wolkersdorfer & Freund."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113013","article-title":"Valorisation of mine waste-Part I: Characteristics of, and sampling methodology for, consolidated mineralised tailings by using Witwatersrand gold mines (South Africa) as an example","volume":"295","author":"Nwaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Wolkersdorfer, C., Sartz, L., Weber, A., Burgess, J., and Tremblay, G. (2018, January 10\u201314). Exploring an alternative approach to mine waste management in the South African gold sector of the article. Proceedings of the 11th ICARD|IMWA|MWD Conference\u2013\u201cRisk to Opportunity\u201d, Pretoria, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"417","article-title":"Recovery of gold from the Mouteh Gold Mine tailings dam","volume":"109","author":"Dehghani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2022.107588","article-title":"Life cycle assessment as a design consideration for process development for value recovery from gold mine tailings","volume":"183","author":"Cairncross","year":"2022","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2005.01.027","article-title":"A practical guide to re-treatment of gold processing residues","volume":"18","author":"Muir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, April 12). PanAfrican Resources Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Report for the Year Ended 30 June 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.miningnewsfeed.com\/reports\/annual\/Pan-African-Resources-MRMR-report-2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.34115\/basrv4n4-043","article-title":"Flota\u00e7\u00e3o seletiva para o reprocessamento de rejeitos provenientes do processo de lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o da Kinross Paracatu","volume":"4","author":"Monte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. Appl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117871","article-title":"Reusing gold-mine tailings in cement mortars: Mechanical properties and socio-economic developments for the Lefke-Xeros area of Cyprus","volume":"238","author":"Ince","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"49","article-title":"Potential for reuse of gold mine tailings as secondary construction materials and Phytoremediation","volume":"7","author":"Mapinduzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.175","article-title":"Effect of mechanical grinding on pozzolanic activity and hydration properties of siliceous gold ore tailings","volume":"217","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.127","article-title":"Chemical and nano-mineralogical study for determining potential uses of legal Colombian gold mine sludge: Experimental evidence","volume":"191","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"68","article-title":"Application of Gold Ore Tailings (GOT) as a source of micronutrients for the growth of plants","volume":"1","author":"Swaroop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. World"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-1368(01)00016-6","article-title":"Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s001260100180","article-title":"Brazil\u2019s premier gold province. Part II: Geology and genesis of gold deposits in the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero","volume":"36","author":"Lobato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"33","article-title":"O Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero-MG, Brasil: Aspectos sobre sua hist\u00f3ria, seus recursos minerais e problemas ambientais relacionados","volume":"18","author":"Roeser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geonomos"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Moura, W. (2005). Especia\u00e7\u00e3o de Cianeto para Redu\u00e7\u00e3o do Consumo no Circuito de Lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o de Calcinado da Usina do Queir\u00f3z. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lemos, M., Valente, T., Reis, P., Fonseca, R., Pantale\u00e3o, J.P., Guabiroba, F., Filho, J.G., Magalh\u00e3es, M., and Delbem, I. (2022, January 25\u201328). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral\u00f3gica, Geoqu\u00edmica e Potencial de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Res\u00edduos de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o de Ouro (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Proceedings of the XXIX Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Min\u00e9rios e Metalurgia Extrativa, Arma\u00e7\u00e3o dos B\u00fazios, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ashanti, A.G. (2016). AngloGold Ashanti AngloGold Ashanti Recommendations, AngloGold Ashanti."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-1205-7","article-title":"Mineralogical attenuation for metallic remediation in a passive system for mine water treatment","volume":"66","author":"Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31133-6","article-title":"Geochemistry and mineralogy of auriferous tailings deposits and their potential for reuse in Nova Lima Region, Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Lemos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Young, C.A., and Luttrell, G.H. (2012). Separation Technologies for Minerals, Coal, and Earth Resources, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"75","article-title":"A basic triboelectric series for heavy minerals from inductive electrostatic separation behaviour","volume":"110","author":"Ferguson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Jordan, C.E., Sullivan, G.V., and Davis, B. (1980). Report of Investigations 8457, Pneumatic concentration of Mica, US Bureau of Mines Report Investigations."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(93)80058-I","article-title":"Beneficiation of calcined colemanite tailings","volume":"77","author":"Emrullahoglu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Xu, W., Deng, X., Li, H., and Ma, S. (2022). Research on the Selective Grinding of Zn and Sn in Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore. Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12020245"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of rare-earth elements extraction with emphasis on non-conventional sources: Coal and coal byproducts, iron ore tailings, apatite, and phosphate byproducts","volume":"38","author":"Peiravi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Min. Metall. Explor."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okereafor, U., Makhatha, M., Mekuto, L., and Mavumengwana, V. (2020). Gold mine tailings: A potential source of silica sand for glass making. Minerals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/min10050448"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Drebenstedt, C., and Paul, M. (2016, January 11\u201315). Extracting value resources from acid mine drainages and mine wastes in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Proceedings of the IMWA 2016\u2014Mining Meets Water\u2014Conflicts and Solutions, Leipzig, Germany."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102303","article-title":"Surge in global metal mining threatens vulnerable ecosystems","volume":"69","author":"Luckeneder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2018.02.008","article-title":"A mineralogical investigation into the pre-concentration of the Nechalacho deposit by gravity separation","volume":"121","author":"Marion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2018.01.003","article-title":"Triboelectric properties of ilmenite and quartz minerals and investigation of triboelectric separation of ilmenite ore","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/19392699.2010.497100","article-title":"A study of rotary tribo-electrostatic separation of South African fine coal","volume":"30","author":"Bada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Prep. Util."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2010.3371","article-title":"Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals","volume":"95","author":"Whitney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1515\/secm-2019-0029","article-title":"Utilization of tailings in cement and concrete: A review","volume":"26","author":"Gou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater."}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/13\/7\/863\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:00:46Z","timestamp":1760126446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/13\/7\/863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["min13070863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min13070863","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-163X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]}}}