{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T09:03:52Z","timestamp":1765357432441,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/109296\/2015","ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-022115","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/109296\/2015","ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-022115","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ERIHS.pt","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/109296\/2015","ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-022115","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/109296\/2015","ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-022115","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"]}]},{"name":"HERCULES Strategic Plan","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/109296\/2015","ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-022115","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/109296\/2015","ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-022115","UIDB\/04449\/2020","UIDP\/04449\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paint materials and techniques of The Descent from Cross, a panel painting attributed to the Portuguese painter Francisco Jo\u00e3o (act. 1558\u20131595), were investigated with a combination of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared imaging and an analysis of paint samples with microscopic, spectroscopic, and chromatographic techniques. The colour palette is composed of lead white, lead\u2013tin yellow, minium, vermilion, ochres of different colours, umber, smalt, azurite, verdigris, charcoal black, and a variety of different-coloured red lakes made of brazilwood and cochineal. An oil-based medium was identified. The characterisation of the pigment mixtures, paint build-up, and particular paint handling techniques enabled us to determine their role in the style and formal appearance of this painting and to discuss Portuguese painting practices in the larger context of 16th-century European painting. Mineral and elemental associations or impurities in the blue pigments, as well as degradation issues affecting minium, and smalt paints were reported. In particular, the deterioration of the glass matrix in some of the smalt particles mixed in lead white paint raises special concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min13091182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T08:58:08Z","timestamp":1694422688000},"page":"1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Paint, Colour, and Style: The Contribution of Minerals to the Palette of the Descent from the Cross, Attributed to the Portuguese Painter Francisco Jo\u00e3o (act. 1558\u20131595)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3729-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory and IN2PAST, University of \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"City University of Macau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, University of \u00c9vora, Casa Cordovil, 7000-651 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6396-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory and IN2PAST, University of \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Sanyova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (IRPA\/KIK), Parc du Cinquantenaire 1, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2146-7024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Valadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory and IN2PAST, University of \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"City University of Macau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, University of \u00c9vora, Casa Cordovil, 7000-651 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory and IN2PAST, University of \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"City University of Macau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, University of \u00c9vora, Casa Cordovil, 7000-651 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"A obra do pintor Francisco Jo\u00e3o","volume":"37\u201338","author":"Espanca","year":"1955\u20131956","journal-title":"Cid. \u00c9vora"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Serr\u00e3o, V. 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