{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:07:42Z","timestamp":1773716862568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Horizon 2020 Innovation Programme","award":["869274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["869274"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Horizon 2020 Innovation Programme","award":["GIU21\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIU21\/008"]}]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU","award":["869274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["869274"]}]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU","award":["GIU21\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIU21\/008"]}]},{"name":"Basque Government\u2019s Department of Education","award":["869274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["869274"]}]},{"name":"Basque Government\u2019s Department of Education","award":["GIU21\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIU21\/008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Barroso\u2013Alv\u00e3o region is an excellent setting for studying Li mineralization associated with granitic pegmatites and developing Li exploration techniques. Among the distinguished pegmatite types in this pegmatite field, the spodumene-bearing dyke from Alij\u00f3 is a representative example of an Iberian Li\u2013Cs\u2013Ta (LCT) pegmatite currently under exploitation. In this work, we examine the internal evolution of the Alij\u00f3 dyke and its external metasomatic effect on the surrounding metasediments, contributing to lithium exploration techniques. Electron microprobe analyses provided clues about the crystallization conditions and the degree of differentiation of the pegmatitic melt, whereas the external metasomatism induced by the spodumene-bearing pegmatite was studied through whole-rock geochemistry. The obtained results indicate that the primary crystallization of the studied dyke likely occurred at temperatures between 450\u2013500 \u00b0C, with emplacement at shallow crustal levels of about 2\u20133 kbar. The high concentrations of trace elements such as Li, Cs, Rb, Be, Sn, Nb, Ta, Ge, U, and Tl in the pegmatitic melt suggests high availability of these elements, allowing their partitioning into an early exsolved fluid phase. The exsolution of this fluid phase, subtracting components such as F and B, from the pegmatitic melt would cause a significant undercooling of the melt. Moreover, the interaction of this expelled fluid with the country rock generated a metasomatic overprint in the surrounding metasedimentary host rocks. The metasomatic effect in Alij\u00f3 is strongly influenced by the nature of the host metasediments, with a significantly higher grade of metasomatism observed in pelitic (mica-rich) samples compared to psammitic (mica-poor) samples collected at same distances from the dyke. The greisen developed close to the pegmatite contact reflects this metasomatic signature, characterized by the mobilization of at least B, F, Li, Rb, Cs, Sn, Be, Nb, Ta, and Tl. We cautiously suggest that whole rock Li concentrations greater than 300 ppm, combined with a minimum value of 1000 ppm for the sum of B, F, Li, Rb, Cs, and Sn in pelitic metasediments of Barroso\u2013Alv\u00e3o, may be indicative of a mineralized pegmatite in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min14070701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1720538840000},"page":"701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Crystallization Sequence of the Spodumene-Rich Alij\u00f3 Pegmatite (Northern Portugal) and Related Metasomatism on Its Host Rock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idoia","family":"Garate-Olave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Sarriena Street n\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Roda-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Sarriena Street n\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Santos-Loyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Sarriena Street n\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Geological Survey, 360-1395 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3G 3P2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences), Porto Pole, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2561-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Errandonea-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Sarriena Street n\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jaskula, B.W. (2017). Minerals Yearbook: Lithium."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2019.04.015","article-title":"Re-assessing the European lithium resource potential\u2014A review of hard-rock resources and metallogeny","volume":"109","author":"Gourcerol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2138\/gselements.16.4.265","article-title":"From Mine to Mind and Mobiles: Society\u2019s Increasing Dependence on Lithium","volume":"16","author":"Bibienne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Moss, R.L., Tzimas, E., Kara, H., Willis, P., and Kooroshy, J. (2011). Critical Metals in Strategic Energy Technologies, Institute for Energy and Transport European Commission."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.8.4.275","article-title":"Granitic pegmatites as sources of strategic metals","volume":"8","author":"Linnen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2017.02.007","article-title":"Fractionation of Li, Be, Ga, Nb, Ta, In, Sn, Sb, W and Bi in the peraluminous Early Permian Variscan granites of the Cornubian Batholith: Precursor processes to magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization","volume":"278\u2013281","author":"Simons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Comission (2020). Critical Raw Materials Resilience: Charting a Path towards Greater Security and Sustainability, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"27","article-title":"GREENPEG\u2014Exploration for pegmatite minerals to feed the energy transition: First steps towards the Green Stone Age","volume":"526","author":"Reimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2016.080.049","article-title":"Geology and mineralogy of Li mineralization in the Central Iberian Zone (Spain and Portugal)","volume":"80","author":"Pesquera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2008\/0020-1833","article-title":"Pegmatite genesis: State of the art","volume":"20","author":"Simmons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2018.04.020","article-title":"Ore-forming processes within granitic pegmatites","volume":"101","author":"London","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00129-8","article-title":"Partitioning of trace elements between crystals and melts","volume":"210","author":"Blundy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2018.02.027","article-title":"Petrogenetic relationships between variscan granitoids and Li\u2013(F\u2013P)-rich aplite-pegmatites in the Central Iberian Zone: Geological and geochemical constraints and implications for other regions from the European variscides","volume":"95","author":"Villaseca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2021.106562","article-title":"Rock textures and mineralzoning\u2014A clue to understanding rare-metal granite evolution: Argemela stock, Central-Eastern Portugal","volume":"410\u2013411","author":"Breiter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.AB00016","article-title":"Some thoughts on metasomatism in pegmatites","volume":"57","author":"Linnen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roza-Llera, A., Fuertes-Fuente, M., Cepedal, A., and Martin-Izard, A. (2019). Barren and Li\u2013Sn\u2013Ta Mineralized Pegmatites from NW Spain (Central Galicia): A Comparative Study of Their Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Wallrock Metasomatism. Minerals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/min9120739"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2019.105289","article-title":"Controls on chemical evolution and rare element enrichment in crystallising albite-spodumene pegmatite and wallrocks: Constraints from mineral chemistry","volume":"352\u2013353","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2022.105155","article-title":"Metasomatic effect of Li-bearing aplite pegmatites on psammitic and pelitic metasediments: Geochemical constraints on critical raw material exploration at the Fregeneda\u2013Almendra Pegmatite Field (Spain and Portugal)","volume":"150","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lima, A. (2000). Estrutura, Mineralogia e G\u00e9nese dos Fil\u00f5es Aplitopegmat\u00edticos com Espodumena da Regi\u00e3o do Barroso-Alv\u00e3o (Norte de Portugal). [Ph.D. Thesis, INPL]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.39.3.729","article-title":"Spodumene\u2014Petalite\u2014Eucryptite: Mutual relationships and alteration style in Li-rich aplite\u2013Pegmatite dykes from northern Portugal","volume":"39","author":"Charoy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Martins, T. (2009). Multidisciplinary Study of Pegmatites and Associated Li and Sn\u2013Nb\u2013Ta Mineralisation from the Barroso-Alv\u00e3o Region. [Ph.D. Thesis, University Porto]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"411","article-title":"Aportaciones al conocimiento de la litoestratigraf\u00eda y estructura de Galicia Central","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Farias","year":"1987","journal-title":"Memorias del Museo y Laboratorio Mineral\u00f3gico y Geol\u00f3gico, de la Facultad de Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"L\u2019\u00e9volution pal\u00e9og\u00e9ographique du NW de l\u2019Espagne pendant l\u2019Ordovicien\u2013Silurien","volume":"4","author":"Julivert","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. G\u00e9ol. Mineral. Bretagne"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallmeyer, R.D., and Garcia, E.M. (1990). Allochthonous Sequences. Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Iberia. IGCP-Project 233, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83980-1"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"27","article-title":"U\u2013Pb dating of Ordovician felsic volcanics in the Schistose domain of the Galicia-Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes Zone near Cabo Ortegal (NW Spain)","volume":"3","author":"Marcos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulmann, K., Mart\u00ednez Catal\u00e1n, J.R., Lardeaux, J.M., Janousek, V., and Oggiano, G. (2014). The late Variscan HT\/LP metamorphic event in NW and Central Iberia: Relationships to crustal thickening, extension, orocline development and crustal evolution. The Variscan Orogeny: Extent, Timescale and the Formation of the European Crust, Geological Society.","DOI":"10.1144\/SP405.1"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M.A., Martins, H.C., Almeida, A., and Noronha, F. (2000). Not\u00edcia Explicativa da Carta Geol\u00f3gica de Portugal na Escala 1:50,000\u2014Folha 06C\u2014Cabeceiras de Basto, Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"87","article-title":"Essai de corr\u00e9lation des phases de d\u2019eformation hercyniennes dans le NW de la p\u00e9ninsule Ib\u00e9rique","volume":"52","author":"Noronha","year":"1981","journal-title":"Leidse Geol. Meded."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(94)00253-6","article-title":"The Ibero-Armorican Arc: A collisional effect against an irregular continent?","volume":"246","author":"Dias","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Lima, A., and Roda-Robles, E. (2007). Pegmatite-aplite veins of Barroso-Alv\u00e3o Field. Lithostratigraphy and metamorphism of host rocks. Granitic Pegmatites: The State of the Art, Field Trip Guidebook, Universidade do Porto."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Noronha, F., and Ribeiro, M.L. (1983). Not\u00edcia Explicativa da Carta Geol\u00f3gica de Portugal na Escala 1:50,000\u2014Folha 06A\u2014Montalegre, Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Teixeira, C. (1974). Not\u00edcia Explicativa da Carta Geol\u00f3gica de Portugal na Escala 1:50,000\u2014Folha 06B\u2014Chaves, Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sant\u2019Ovaia, H., Ribeiro, M.A., Martins, H.C.B., and Noronha, F. (2011). Not\u00edcia Explicativa da Carta Geol\u00f3gica de Portugal na Escala 1:50,000\u2014Folha 06D\u2014Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bea, F., Carnicero, A., Gonzalo, J.C., L\u00f3pez-Plaza, M., and Rodr\u00edguez Alonso, M.D. (1987). Granitoides da Zona Centro Ib\u00e9rica e o seu enquadramento geodin\u00e2mico. Geolog\u00eda de los Granit\u00f3ides y Rocas Asociadas del Macizo Hesperico. Homenage a L.C. Garc\u00eda de Figuerola, Libro Editorial Rueda."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-4937(98)00039-5","article-title":"U\u2013Pb zircon and monazite geochronology of post-collisional Hercynian granitoids from the Central Iberian Zone (Northern Portugal)","volume":"45","author":"Dias","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbarin, B., Stephens, W.E., Bonin, B., Bouchez, J.-L., Clarke, D.B., Cuney, M., and Martin, H. (2000). Composite-laccolith emplacement of the post-tectonic Vila Pouca de Aguiar granite pluton (northern Portugal): A combined AMS and gravity study. The Fourth Hutton Symposium on the Origin of Granites and Related Rocks, Geological Society of America.","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2350-7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1342-937X(05)70733-4","article-title":"Hercynian acid magmatism and related mineralizations in northern Portugal","volume":"5","author":"Almeida","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2021.104470","article-title":"Unraveling the emplacement history of a Portuguese post-tectonic Variscan pluton using magnetic fabrics and gravimetry","volume":"153","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"779","article-title":"U-Pb zircon and monazite geochronology of the Hercynian two mica granite composite pluton of Cabeceiras de Basto (Northern Portugal)","volume":"326","author":"Almeida","year":"1998","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3121.2004.00537.x","article-title":"Mantle-like Sr-Nd isotope composition of Fe-K subalkaline granites: The Peneda-Ger\u00eas Variscan massif (NW Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"16","author":"Mendes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Terra Nova"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2012.04.024","article-title":"The role of fractional crystallization in the genesis of early syn-D3, tin-mineralized Variscan two-mica granites from the Carrazeda de Ansi\u00e3es area, northern Portugal","volume":"153","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S1342-937X(05)70724-3","article-title":"Mantle and Crustal Sources in the Genesis of Late-Hercynian Granitoids (NW Portugal): Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotopic Constraints","volume":"5","author":"Dias","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00710-009-0057-2","article-title":"Multiple crustal sources for post-tectonic I-type granites in the Hercynian Iberian Belt","volume":"96","author":"Villaseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Miner. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.49.3.777","article-title":"Geochemical fractionation of Nb-Ta oxides in Li-bearing pegmatites from the Barroso-Alv\u00e3o Pegmatite Field, northern Portugal","volume":"49","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.50.4.1117","article-title":"Geochemistry and evolution of micas in the Barroso-Alv\u00e3o pegmatite field, northern Portugal","volume":"50","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Armstrong, J.T. (1985). \u201cPAP\u201d \u03c6(\u03c1Z) procedure for improved quantitative microanalysis. Microbean Analysis, San Francisco Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.43.6.2005","article-title":"The classification of granitic pegmatites revisited","volume":"43","author":"Ercit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.1997.061.409.05","article-title":"On Li-bearing micas; estimating Li from electron microprobe analyses and an improved diagram for graphical representation","volume":"61","author":"Tischendorf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2011.3636","article-title":"Nomenclature of the tourmaline-supergroup minerals","volume":"9","author":"Henry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2018-6289","article-title":"Tourmaline crystal chemistry","volume":"2018103","author":"Bosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300010117","article-title":"A chemical\u2013mineralogical classification of common plutonic rocks and associations","volume":"73","author":"Debon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300007045","article-title":"A re-examination of the typology of peraluminous granite types in intracontinental orogenic belts","volume":"89","author":"Villaseca","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Composition of the continental crust","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Holland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Treatise on Geochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"820","article-title":"Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data","volume":"58","author":"Herron","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2010.01.009","article-title":"Upper Neoproterozoic series in the Central Iberian, Cantabrian and West Asturian Leonese Zones (Spain): Geochemical data and statistical results as evidence for a shared homogenised source area","volume":"178","author":"Ugidos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Precambrian Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2014.02.006","article-title":"Contrasting chemical and isotopic signatures from Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the Central Iberian Zone (Spain) of pre-Variscan Europe: Implications for terrane analysis and early Ordovician magmatic belts","volume":"245","author":"Villaseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Precambrian Res."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M. (1985). The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(94)00140-4","article-title":"The composition of the Earth","volume":"120","author":"McDonough","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.1995.59.394.04","article-title":"Distribution of trace elements in feldspars granitic aplites and pegmatites from Alij\u00f3-Sanfins, northern Portugal","volume":"59","author":"Neiva","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s41513-018-0077-z","article-title":"Mica and feldspar as indicators of the evolution of a highly evolved granite-pegmatite system in the Tres Arroyos area (Central Iberian Zone, Spain)","volume":"44","author":"Pesquera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Iberian Geol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-019-1617-z","article-title":"Feldspar thermometry in pegmatites: Truth and consequences","volume":"175","author":"London","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2023.105451","article-title":"Feldspar traces mineralization processes in the Qongjiagang giant lithium ore district, Himalaya, Tibet","volume":"157","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Origin of Granite in the Light of Experimental Studies in the System NaAlSi3O8\u2013KAlSi3O8\u2013SiO2\u2013H2O","volume":"74","author":"Tuttle","year":"1958","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Mem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2010.074.3.529","article-title":"Feldspars defined and described: A pair of posters published by the Mineralogical Society. Sources and supporting information","volume":"74","author":"Parson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Carmichael, I.S.E., Turner, F.J., and Verhoogen, J. (1974). Igneous Petrology, McGraw\u2014Hill."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1086\/625943","article-title":"Origin of the contrasting mineralogy of extrusive and plutonic salic rocks","volume":"60","author":"Tuttle","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J.V. (1974). Chemical and textural properties. Feldspar Minerals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-96173-1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribbe, P.H. (1983). Feldspar Mineralogy, De Gruyter. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9781501508547"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"995","article-title":"Experimental phase equilibria in the system LiAlSiO4-SiO2-H2O: A petrogenetic grid for lithium-rich pegmatites","volume":"69","author":"London","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"660","article-title":"The Tanco pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. IV. Petalite and spodumene relations","volume":"11","author":"Ferguson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Pseudomorphs of quartz and spodumene after petalite and their importance to the pegmatite-forming process","volume":"216","author":"Rossovskyi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, F., Ribeiro, R., Gon\u00e7alves, F., Lima, A., Roda-Robles, E., and Martins, T. (2023). Calibrating a Handheld LIBS for Li Exploration in the Barroso\u2013Alv\u00e3o Aplite-Pegmatite Field, Northern Portugal: Textural Precautions and Procedures When Analyzing Spodumene and Petalite. Minerals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/min13040470"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.AB00006","article-title":"Mutual relationships between spodumene and petalite from the Iberian Massif pegmatites: More than PT changes?","volume":"57","author":"Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2005.1825","article-title":"Origin and internal evolution of the Li-F-Be-B-P-bearing Pinilla de Fermoselle pegmatite (Central Iberian Zone, Zamora, Spain)","volume":"90","author":"Roda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.52.2.221","article-title":"Geochemistry, mineralogy, and evolution of Li-Al micas and feldspars from the Mount Mica pegmatite, Maine, USA","volume":"52","author":"Marchal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2022.104933","article-title":"Chemical evolution of micas and Nb-Ta oxides from the Koktokay pegmatites, Altay, NW China: Insights into rare-metal mineralization and genetic relationships","volume":"146","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2011.3584","article-title":"Chemical variation and significance of micas from the Fregeneda-Almendra pegmatitic field (Central-Iberian Zone, Spain and Portugal)","volume":"96","author":"Vieira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"107195","article-title":"Li-rich pegmatites and related peraluminous granites of the Fregeneda-Almendra field (Spain-Portugal): A case study of magmatic signature for Li enrichment","volume":"452\u2013453","author":"Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garate-Olave, I., Roda-Robles, E., Gil-Crespo, P.P., Pesquera, A., and Errandonea-Martin, J. (2020). The Tres Arroyos Granitic Aplite-Pegmatite Field (Central Iberian Zone, Spain): Petrogenetic Constraints from Evolution of Nb-Ta-Sn Oxides, Whole-Rock Geochemistry and U-Pb Geochronology. Minerals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/min10111008"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1127\/ejm\/1\/4\/0567","article-title":"Pegmatites at the Okatjimukuju farm, Karibib, Namibia Part I: Phosphate mineral associations of the Clementine II pegmatite","volume":"1","author":"Keller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.50.6.1531","article-title":"Mineralogy and geochemistry of phosphates and silicates in the Sapucaia pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Genetic implications","volume":"50","author":"Baijot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.1700058","article-title":"The chrysoberyl- and phosphate-bearing albite pegmatite of Malga Garbella Val Di Rabbi, Trento province, Italy","volume":"56","author":"Vignola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roda-Robles, E., Gil-Crespo, P.P., Pesquera, A., Lima, A., Garate-Olave, I., Merino-Mart\u00ednez, E., Cardoso-Fernandes, J., and Errandonea-Martin, J. (2022). Compositional Variations in Apatite and Petrogenetic Significance: Examples from Peraluminous Granites and Related Pegmatites and Hydrothermal Veins from the Central Iberian Zone (Spain and Portugal). Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12111401"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2002.48.6","article-title":"Apatite in Igneous Systems","volume":"48","author":"Piccoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.44.3.625","article-title":"The role of metagabbro rafts on tantalum mineralization in the Tanco pegmatite, Manitoba","volume":"44","author":"Linnen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2001-2-303","article-title":"Amblygonite-montebrasite solid solutions as monitors of fluorine in evolved granitic and pegmatitic melts","volume":"86","author":"London","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2018.08.024","article-title":"The magmatic hydrothermal transition in rare-element pegmatites from southeast Ireland: LA-ICP-MS chemical mapping of muscovite and columbite-tantalite","volume":"240","author":"Kaeter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2019.103252","article-title":"Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of rare metal pegmatites from the Mesoproterozoic Orange River pegmatite belt (Namaqualand, South Africa)","volume":"116","author":"Ballouard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2019.105285","article-title":"Tracing fluid saturation during pegmatite differentiation by studying the fluid inclusion evolution and multiphase cassiterite mineralisation of the Gatumba pegmatite dyke system (NW Rwanda)","volume":"354\u2013355","author":"Hulsbosch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.2100032","article-title":"The Magmatic\u2013Hydrothermal Transition in Lithium Pegmatites: Petrographic and Geochemical Characteristics of Pegmatites from the Kamativi Area, Zimbabwe","volume":"60","author":"Shaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1093\/petroj\/38.12.1619","article-title":"A Review of Shallow, Ore-related Granites: Textures, Volatiles, and Ore Metals","volume":"38","author":"Candela","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2012.02.006","article-title":"Water in granite and pegmatite-forming melts","volume":"46","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2015.10.004","article-title":"Revisiting complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids, and the extreme enrichment of some elements in the supercritical state\u2014Consequences for the formation of pegmatites and ore deposits","volume":"72","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2113\/gsemg.14.1-4.1","article-title":"A Review of Rare-Element (Li-Cs-Ta) Pegmatite Exploration Techniques for the Superior Province, Canada, and Large Worldwide Tantalum Deposits","volume":"14","author":"Selway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Explor. Min. Geol."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Martins, T., Linnen, R.L., Fedikow, M.A.F., and Singh, J. (2017). Whole-rock and mineral geochemistry as exploration tools for rare-element pegmatite in Manitoba: Examples from the Cat Lake\u2013Winnipeg River and Wekusko Lake pegmatite fields (parts of NTS 52L6, 63J13), Report of Activities 2017."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/petroj\/38.12.1777","article-title":"The role of diffusion-controlled oscillatory nucleation in the formation of line rock in pegmatite-aplite dikes","volume":"38","author":"Webber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.2138\/am-1999-5-602","article-title":"Cooling rates and crystallization dynamics of shallow level pegmatite-aplite dikes, San Diego County, California","volume":"84","author":"Webber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-008-0286-0","article-title":"Rapid crystallization of the Animikie Red Ace Pegmatite, Florence county, northeastern Wisconsin: Inclusion microthermometry and conductive-cooling modeling","volume":"156","author":"Sirbescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-009-0479-1","article-title":"The role of H2O in rapid emplacement and crystallization of granite pegmatites: Resolving the paradox of large crystals in highly undercooled melts","volume":"160","author":"Nabelek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00204525","article-title":"Contrasting evolution of fluorine- and boron-rich tin systems","volume":"22","author":"Pollard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mineral. Depos."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s004100000120","article-title":"Melt inclusions in pegmatite quartz: Complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids at low pressure","volume":"139","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-002-0410-5","article-title":"The behaviour of boron in a peraluminous granite\u2013pegmatite system and associated hydrothermal solutions: A melt and fluid inclusion study","volume":"144","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-014-0554-z","article-title":"Hydrothermal transport and deposition of the rare earth elements by fluorine-bearing aqueous liquids","volume":"49","author":"Migdisov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mineral. Depos."}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/14\/7\/701\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:12:26Z","timestamp":1760109146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/14\/7\/701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["min14070701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min14070701","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-163X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]}}}