{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T07:53:46Z","timestamp":1772697226127,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/112809\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/112809\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mortars are among the most important materials in building construction. They are generally obtained by mixing aggregates with an inorganic binder. The identification of mortar constituents, particularly the binder type in historic buildings, is one of the essential aspects of building conservation, considering that the new conservation materials must be chemically, mechanically, and physically compatible with the old masonries. Among other techniques used to characterise binders, those related to optical and electronic microscopy are particularly important. Microscopy and combined techniques may be the key to this identification since the classic mineralogical and chemical-based identification approaches are not conclusive enough in investigating the types of hydraulic binders in mortars. This work presents an analysis procedure to identify mortar binders by combining EDS microanalysis and petrography. Mortar samples of known composition were used as a reference for analyzing mortars from historic buildings. The proposed methodology made it possible to identify the type of binder or a mixture of binders based on the identification of the binder features by petrography together with analysis of the chemical composition of the paste by X-ray microanalysis under a scanning electron microscope.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min14080844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T04:48:25Z","timestamp":1724647705000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Approach to Accurately Identifying Binders in Historic Mortars by the Combination of Microscopic and Microanalytical Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"UNIARQ, Archaeology Center of the University of Lisbon, Faculty of Letters, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8002-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Santos Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Department, LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Avenida do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buildings Department, LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Avenida do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0103-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Geosciences Department, Col\u00e9gio Lu\u00eds Ant\u00f3nio Verney, University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Elsen, J., Van Balen, K., and Mertens, G. 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