{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:50:07Z","timestamp":1775609407953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UEFISCDI (Romania)","award":["ERA-MIN no. 28\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN no. 28\/2015"]}]},{"name":"UEFISCDI (Romania)","award":["ERA-MIN\/0006\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0006\/2014"]}]},{"name":"UEFISCDI (Romania)","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UEFISCDI (Romania)","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., Portugal","award":["ERA-MIN no. 28\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN no. 28\/2015"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., Portugal","award":["ERA-MIN\/0006\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0006\/2014"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., Portugal","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences by FCT","award":["ERA-MIN no. 28\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN no. 28\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences by FCT","award":["ERA-MIN\/0006\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0006\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences by FCT","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences by FCT","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unlike municipal solid waste bottom ash (MSWBA), fly ash (MSWFA) is landfilled due to its toxicity. However, MSWFA may also be a source of elements. Ash samples collected from a Portuguese MSW incinerator from different locations and over six months were analyzed. Their geochemical composition was normalized to the upper continental crust (UCC) and compared since metal enrichment may be used as an indicator for potential recovery. The potential recovery economic viability was also assessed for metals K, Sb, Cu, Pb, and Zn, considering the ore cut-off grade and minimum industrial grade (MIG) from Chinese geological and mineral industry standards. Compared to the global samples, only the Baghouse 1 FA size fraction\u2019s coarse fraction showed a slight enrichment (1- to 5-fold) in Bi, Nb, and Zr. After wet sieving, most trace elements were enriched in all fractions, but Sb, Bi, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Cd, Sn, Se, and Hg were depleted in the coarse fractions and enriched in the fine ones. For Baghouse 1 samples collected over 6 months, the normalization to the UCC showed enrichment of Zn and Pb between 10\u00d7 and 50\u00d7, Zr, Cu, In, and Se between 50\u00d7 and 100\u00d7, and Ag, Mn, Cd, Sb, and Bi at more than 100\u00d7. Over six months, the Baghouse 1 FA soluble fraction ranged between 21 wt.% and 30 wt.%, and its precipitates comprised 27% CaO, 6% Na2O, and 9% K2O. The K concentration in the MSWFA was above the cut-off and the MIG, and K could be concentrated in precipitates via simple washing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min14111146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T05:21:59Z","timestamp":1731388919000},"page":"1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Variation in the Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Valentim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Institute\u2014Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6397-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Institute\u2014Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0871-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Ku\u017aniarska-Biernacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8074-9684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Institute\u2014Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8550-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgeta","family":"Predeanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-Friendly Technologies (CPMTE), University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389409388463","article-title":"Attenuation of landfill leachate pollutants in aquifers","volume":"24","author":"Christensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit. 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