{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:42:01Z","timestamp":1776325321290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research"},{"name":"University of Aveiro (Portugal) and the University of Cagliari (Italy)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Zaghouan Fluorite Province (ZFP) encloses F-Ba(Pb-Zn) ores hosted within Jurassic carbonate series, in northeastern Tunisia. Critical breakthroughs on the Jebel Stah fluorite deposits, an MVT-style F-mineralization, have been made within the Lower Jurassic limestones along the Zaghouan Fault, which is a major target for mineralization. This study presents the first REE-Y analyses conducted by LA-ICP-MS on fluorites in Tunisia, and specifically on the fluorites of Jebel Stah deposit. This analytical technique provides highly accurate insights into the geochemical regime of mineralizing fluids and the related scavenging sources. Distinct geochemical characteristics between two fluorite generations (G1 and G2) were revealed. Fluorites (Fl2) from the early generation (G1) showed low \u03a3REE + Y (36.3 and 39.73 ppm, respectively). When normalized to chondrites, early fluorite G1 displayed a bell-shaped REE + Y pattern with a depletion in LREE relative to HREE and a slight MREE hump. Late fluorite (Fl3) generation (G2) displayed higher \u03a3REE + Y concentrations (77.43 ppm), but an almost similar REE pattern. Ce\/Ce* ratios demonstrated strong negative Ce anomalies in all fluorites, while Eu\/Eu* ratios indicated weak negative Eu anomalies. The positive Y anomaly observed in the REE + Y patterns of fluorites G1 and G2 suggests Y-Ho fractionation in the fluid system. Moreover, significant degrees of differentiation between terbium (Tb) and lanthanum (La) have been observed in all fluorite samples. The plot of fluorites from both fluorite generations on the Tb\/La\u2013Tb\/Ca diagram gives evidence of the sedimentary hydrothermal origin of the ore-forming fluids in the Jebel Stah F-deposit. Sr isotopes show that the mineralizing fluids are radiogenic and deeply sourced basinal brines, whereas the small variation in 87Sr\/86Sr ratios suggests a similar source for Sr in fluorites G1 and G2. These results allow us to conclude that the economic fluorite (G1) ore of Jebel Stah was deposited due to the interaction of the deeply sourced hydrothermal fluid with the carbonated host rocks (dolomitization, an increase in pH, and Ca activity), whereas the late fluorite (G2) is an accessory and could have resulted from the mixing of the hydrothermal fluid with shallow meteoric waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min15040331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T10:10:08Z","timestamp":1742551808000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Geochemical Characteristics of Ore-Forming Fluids in the Jebel Stah Fluorite Deposit in Northeast Tunisia: Insights from LA-ICP-MS and Sr Isotope Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6053-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaima","family":"Somrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, El Manar Tunis 2092, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche et d\u2019Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Utiles, Technopole of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet 2026, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Souissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, El Manar Tunis 2092, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche et d\u2019Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Utiles, Technopole of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet 2026, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Radhia","family":"Souissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche et d\u2019Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP), Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Utiles, Technopole of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet 2026, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8053-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"De Giudici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3019-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ferreira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Fancello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Podda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4997-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6020-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamer","family":"Abu-Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"OSEAN-Outermost Regions Sustainable Ecosystem for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, University of Madeira Col\u00e9gio dos Jesu\u00edtas, 9000-039 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Grohol, M., and Veeh, C. 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