{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T13:15:56Z","timestamp":1773148556574,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SA0107P20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA0107P20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BL233\/2019_IST-ID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BL233\/2019_IST-ID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SA0107P20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA0107P20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BL233\/2019_IST-ID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BL233\/2019_IST-ID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Work Package ROUTES of EURAD (European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management of the European Union, EC grant agreement n\u00ba 847593) projects","award":["SA0107P20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA0107P20"]}]},{"name":"Work Package ROUTES of EURAD (European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management of the European Union, EC grant agreement n\u00ba 847593) projects","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Work Package ROUTES of EURAD (European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management of the European Union, EC grant agreement n\u00ba 847593) projects","award":["BL233\/2019_IST-ID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BL233\/2019_IST-ID"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims to perform a detailed mineralogical, crystal-chemical, and geochemical characterization of bentonites from the Benavila outcrop, the largest known deposit of bentonites in continental Portugal. Bulk samples and different size fractions were characterized through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Structural formulae of the smectites were fitted from point analyses acquired by analytical electron microscopy (AEM) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Smectites are the major component with variable amounts of calcite and minor amounts of quartz, feldspar, illite, and chlorite. Occasionally, amphiboles and dolomite have also been identified. The high content of carbonates in different parts of the sampling area is related to the circulation of carbonate-rich fluids. The smectites present high-layer charge, are intermediate terms of the montmorillonite\u2013beidellite series, and also show an intermediate cisvacant\u2013transvacant configuration. Major and trace elements concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. The geochemical analysis of the samples indicates an enrichment in SiO2 and Al2O3 and a depletion of the more clayey materials in REE, HFSE, and Y, among others. The calculation of the PIA and CIA alteration indices, along with other parameters observed, shows the possible alteration pathways of the Benavila deposit. Research to evaluate the ability of these bentonites to be used as engineering barrier systems (EBS) and sealing materials for radioactive waste repositories is ongoing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min15080836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T12:15:40Z","timestamp":1754568940000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of the Benavila (Portugal) Bentonites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7695-0016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7033-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering (DECN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1861-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering (DECN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula G.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6239-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering (DECN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Geosciences (IGEO), Complutense University of Madrid\u2013Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5426-2300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1983.tb00809.x","article-title":"The Specific Surface of Soils Determined by Water Sorption","volume":"34","author":"Newman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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