{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T21:48:51Z","timestamp":1774129731968,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Cooperation Organization\u2019s Science and Technology Partnership Program"},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Program"},{"name":"Xinjiang Department of Science and Technology, China","award":["2023E01005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023E01005"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["2022xjkk1305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk1305"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00073\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00073\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00073\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00073\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the influence of tectonically induced mineralogical and microfabric changes on the strength of different rocks within the Hanzel Fault Damage Zone (FDZ) in the Tethyan Himalayas, Pakistan. Integrating field observations, petrographic analysis, and laboratory experiments (uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), ultrasonic pulse-wave velocity (UPV), and porosity), this study systematically characterizes the spatial variations in intact rock strength across horizontal distance from the fault core to the outer limit of the FDZ. Seven rock units\u2014granites (biotite granite, leucogranite schist, granodiorite schist, and diorite) and amphibolites (foliated amphibolite, amphibolite, and plagioclase amphibolite)\u2014were sampled at varying distances (\u2212500 to +4035 m) from the fault core. Results reveal that proximity to the fault core correlates with significant strength reductions (40%\u201370%): granitic rocks exhibit lower UCS (41\u201359 MPa) and BTS (4.8\u20136.7 MPa) compared to distal amphibolites and diorites UCS (75\u2013107 MPa) and BTS (10\u201313.67 MPa). Petrographic analysis identifies key factors that reduce strength, including high mica content (up to 33%), pervasive micro-fracturing, S-C fabrics, and mineral alteration. These features increase porosity (up to 1.21%) and reduce UPV (2867\u20133315 m\/s) in fault-proximal rocks. Moderate inverse relationships (R2 = 0.68\u20130.72) between mica percentage and UCS\/UPV confirm phyllosilicates as primary strength controls. The spatial variation in rock strength is attributed to ductile\u2013brittle deformation processes, with foliated or schistose textures increasing in proximity to the fault core. This study demonstrates that tectonic processes significantly influence the mineralogy and microfabric within FDZs, leading to variations in rock strength with direct implications for stability in tectonically active regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min15121272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:34:37Z","timestamp":1764581677000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tectonic Control on Mineralogical and Microfabric Modifications and Their Impact on Rock Strength: Evidence from the Fault Damage Zone, Tethyan Himalayas, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3823-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izhar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-0930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9198-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CGeo Research Centre, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0638-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuetao","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Qingsen","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Rehan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2015.11.006","article-title":"Definition and Classification of Fault Damage Zones: A Review and a New Methodological Approach","volume":"152","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Sci. 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