{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:49:31Z","timestamp":1766490571683,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Project","award":["ED431F 2022\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431F 2022\/07"]}]},{"name":"Universidade de Vigo\/CISUG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban pollution\u2014especially SO2 and particulate matter\u2014rapidly darkens and degrades outdoor-exposed wall paintings due to soiling. Laser cleaning has emerged as a cutting-edge solution, offering selective removal of contaminant layers while preserving the integrity of the underlying materials. This study explores the performance of a 355 nm Nd:YAG laser in cleaning artificially aged paint mock-ups coated with real diesel soot and exposed to an accelerated aging test with SO2 exposure. Traditional mineral pigments\u2014silicates (Egyptian blue, ultramarine blue, and green earth), oxides (chromium green, mars red), and a sulphide (cinnabar)\u2014were applied following fresco and secco (egg yolk) techniques, allowing researchers to uncover how pigment chemistry and binders affect laser sensitivity. Damage thresholds were first determined for each pigment and painting technique via digital photography, stereomicroscopy, and colour spectrophotometry. Cleaning efficacy was then assessed by stereomicroscopy, colour spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed clear patterns: silicate pigments exhibit stability under laser irradiation, enabling safe cleaning, whereas mars red and cinnabar remain highly sensitive regardless of the technique. Generally, secco paintings were more susceptible to laser radiation than fresco. These finding provide practical guidance for optimising laser-cleaning protocols while safeguarding the delicate surfaces of historic wall paintings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min16010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:30:18Z","timestamp":1766489418000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Pigment Composition and Painting Technique on Soiling Removal from Wall Painting Mock-Ups Using an UV Nanosecond Nd:YAG Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9241-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Desmond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolox\u00edas (CINTECX),  GESSMin Group, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Kateryna","family":"D\u2019Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolox\u00edas (CINTECX),  GESSMin Group, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Andr\u00e9s-Herguedas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolox\u00edas (CINTECX),  GESSMin Group, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Barreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolox\u00edas(CINTECX), Novos Materiais Group, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8016-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Dion\u00edsio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia de Recursos Minerais e Energ\u00e9ticos-Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (DER\/CERENA), T\u00e9cnico Lisboa, ULisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7536-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Santiago","family":"Pozo-Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolox\u00edas (CINTECX),  GESSMin Group, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Venegas Garc\u00eda, C., and Barrainkua Legid, A. 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