{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:16:01Z","timestamp":1760242561503,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,26]],"date-time":"2017-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["SFRH\/BD\/117613\/2016","UID\/GEO\/04035\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/117613\/2016","UID\/GEO\/04035\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to establish a methodology for building a 3D geological model of a mineral vein deposit, encompassing morphology and wolframite content. The available data set includes stope data (vein thickness and wolframite quantity) and borehole data (vein thickness and wolframite modal classes). The data captured from boreholes and stopes differ in terms of their spatial distribution and clustering as well as the size and shape of each sample. Therefore, a specific methodology was designed to combine these two sources of information. The morphology model mapped vein thickness as a vein proportion variable, by applying a two-phase Direct Sequential Simulation (DSS) locally conditioned to borehole data. Regarding the evaluation of wolframite content, the variables are unable to be related directly to each other and are non-co-located. Therefore, a proximity study was made using DSS to build local conditional cumulative histograms (by borehole class and by mine level). The final model of wolframite quantity was generated using Probability Field Simulation. The proposed approach considers the initially identified problems, allowing the mineral potential of the deposit to be quantified by integrating the results of the two independent methodologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min7120234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1511780828000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A 3D Geological Model of a Vein Deposit Built by Aggregating Morphological and Mineral Grade Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Sanches","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, GeoBioTec, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, GeoBioTec, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"S\u00e1 Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, GeoBioTec, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeu","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2014). Report on Critical Raw Materials for the EU, Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, T. (2014). Modela\u00e7\u00e3o Autom\u00e1tica 2D de Mineraliza\u00e7\u00f5es Filonianas\u2014Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Minas da Panasqueira. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Science and Technology Faculty of NOVA University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Soares, A. (2014). Geostat\u00edstica para as Ci\u00eancias da Terra e do Ambiente, ISTPress. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"209","article-title":"Managing borehole samples of unequal lengths to construct a high-resolution mining model of mineral grades zoned by geological units","volume":"132","author":"Charifo","year":"2013","journal-title":"JGE"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"251","article-title":"Jazigos Portugueses de Cassiterite e de Volframite","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Neiva","year":"1944","journal-title":"Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es dos Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal, Tomo XXV"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"81","article-title":"Jazigos hipog\u00e9nicos de estanho e volfr\u00e2mio","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Conde","year":"1971","journal-title":"Livro-Guia da Excurs\u00e3o: I Congresso Hispano-Luso-Americano de Geologia Econ\u00f3mica"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Noronha, F. (1999, January 26). Jazigos filonianos hidrotermais de estanho e volfr\u00e2mio. Considera\u00e7\u00f5es acerca da sua g\u00e9nese. Proceedings of the 1\u00b0 Col\u00f3quio de Jazigos Minerais Met\u00e1licos de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"35","article-title":"Le gisement stanno-wolframif\u00e8re de Panasqueira (Portugal)","volume":"Volume 450","author":"Thadeu","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chronique De La Recherche Mini\u00e8re"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"64","article-title":"Geologia do Couto Mineiro da Panasqueira","volume":"Volume 32","author":"Thadeu","year":"1951","journal-title":"Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es dos Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos de Portugal, Tomo XXXII"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"23","article-title":"Controles paleogeogr\u00e1ficos, petrol\u00f3gicos e estruturais na g\u00e9nese dos jazigos portugueses de estanho e volfr\u00e2mio","volume":"1","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1982","journal-title":"Geonovas"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Williams, C. (1985). Ore Estimation and Mine Planning at Panasqueira, Portugal. [Ph.D. Thesis, Royal School of Mines]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.74.8.1721","article-title":"Geologic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies of the tin-tungsten deposits of Panasqueira, Portugal","volume":"74","author":"Kelly","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Pinto, F. (2014). Estudo da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o do Estanho na Mina da Panasqueira. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Science Faculty of University of Porto]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Franco, A., Vieira, R., and Bunting, R. (2014). The Panasqueira Mine at a Glance\u2014Tungsten Newsletter, ITIA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, M., and Deutsch, C. (2014). Mineral Resource Estimation, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5717-5"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goovaerts, P. (1997). Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195115383.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A. (2013). Modela\u00e7\u00e3o 3D de Teores de Dep\u00f3sitos Minerais Condicionados por tipos de Mineraliza\u00e7\u00e3o: O Caso de Estudo do Dep\u00f3sito Mineral do Zambujal, Minas de Neves-Corvo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Science and Technology Faculty of NOVA University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Silva, D., and Almeida, J.A. (2015, January 23). The use of rock density for improving morphological and metal grade models of the Zambujal sulphide ore deposit (Neves\u2013Corvo Mine). Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the IAMG, Freiberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2010.03.007","article-title":"Modelling of cement raw material compositional indices with direct sequential simulation","volume":"114","author":"Almeida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/rge.12077","article-title":"A Multistep Methodology for Building a Stochastic Model of Gold Grades in the Disseminated and Complex Deposit of Casas Novas in Alentejo, Southern Portugal","volume":"65","author":"Matias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Geol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012246006212","article-title":"Direct Sequential Simulation and Cosimulation","volume":"33","author":"Soares","year":"2001","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-3610-1_6","article-title":"Probability Field Simulation: A Retrospective","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Srivastava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quantitative Geology and Geostatistics"}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/7\/12\/234\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:51:24Z","timestamp":1760208684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/7\/12\/234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,26]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["min7120234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min7120234","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-163X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,26]]}}}