{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T05:12:12Z","timestamp":1768626732213,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU014\/06774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU014\/06774"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minerals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Four pure hydrogenetic, mixed hydrogenetic-diagenetic and hydrogenetic-hydrothermal Fe-Mn Crusts from the Canary Islands Seamount Province have been studied by Micro X-Ray Diffraction, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy together with high resolution Electron Probe Micro Analyzer and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in order to find the correlation of mineralogy and geochemistry with the three genetic processes and their influence in the metal recovery rate using an hydrometallurgical method. The main mineralogy and geochemistry affect the contents of the different critical metals, diagenetic influenced crusts show high Ni and Cu (up to 6 and 2 wt. %, respectively) (and less Co and REY) enriched in very bright laminae. Hydrogenetic crusts on the contrary show High Co and REY (up to 1 and 0.5 wt. %) with also high contents of Ni, Mo and V (average 2500, 600 and 1300 \u03bcg\/g). Finally, the hydrothermal microlayers from crust 107-11H show their enrichment in Fe (up to 50 wt. %) and depletion in almost all the critical elements. One hydrometallurgical method has been used in Canary Islands Seamount Province crusts in order to quantify the recovery rate of valuable elements in all the studied crusts except the 107-11H, whose hydrothermal critical metals\u2019 poor lamina were too thin to separate from the whole crust. Digestion treatment with hydrochloric acid and ethanol show a high recovery rate for Mn (between 75% and 81%) with respect to Fe (49% to 58%). The total recovery rate on valuable elements (Co, Ni, Cu, V, Mo and rare earth elements plus yttrium (REY)) for the studied crusts range between 67 and 92% with the best results for Co, Ni and V (up to 80%). The genetic process and the associated mineralogy seem to influence the recovery rate. Mixed diagenetic\/hydrogenetic crust show the lower recovery rate for Mn (75%) and Ni (52.5%) both enriched in diagenetic minerals (respectively up to 40 wt. % and up to 6 wt. %). On the other hand, the presence of high contents of undigested Fe minerals (i.e., Mn-feroxyhyte) in hydrogenetic crusts give back low recovery rate for Co (63%) and Mo (42%). Finally, REY as by-product elements, are enriched in the hydrometallurgical solution with a recovery rate of 70\u201390% for all the studied crusts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/min9070439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T11:25:12Z","timestamp":1563362712000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egidio","family":"Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Mineralogy and Petrology Department, Geology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Jose Antonio Novais, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Geosciences Institute (IGEO-UCM-CSIC), Severo Ochoa 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6311-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2900-2053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Madureira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, \u00c9vora University, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anna V.","family":"Wegorzewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Mirao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, \u00c9vora University, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Medialdea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Oeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover Institut f\u00fcr Mineralogie. Callinstra\u00dfe, 3, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, \u00c9vora University, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratories, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), C\/La Calera, 1, 28760 Tres Cantos\u2014Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5451-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Somoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Lunar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mineralogy and Petrology Department, Geology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Jose Antonio Novais, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Geosciences Institute (IGEO-UCM-CSIC), Severo Ochoa 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cronan, D.S. (2000). Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001","article-title":"Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources","volume":"51","author":"Hein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2014.05.004","article-title":"Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium","volume":"381","author":"Bau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(81)90067-X","article-title":"Geochemical variations of ferromanganese nodules and crusts from different provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their genetic control","volume":"34","author":"Halbach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Composition of Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules at Northwestern Pacific Guyots and Geologic and Paleoceanographic Considerations","volume":"Volume 144","author":"Haggerty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R. (2017). Composition, Formation, and Occurrence of Polymetallic Nodules. Deep-Sea Mining, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52557-0"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Commission, E. (2019, January 08). Critical Raw Materials. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/growth\/sectors\/ raw-materials\/specific-interest\/critical_en."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Holland, H.D., and Turekian, K.K. (2014). Deep-Ocean Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules. Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2019, January 10). International Seabed Authority (ISA). Available online: https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Glasby, G. (1973). Manganese deposits in the southwest Pacific, Phase I Report-Inter-University Program of Research on Ferromanganese Deposits of the Ocean Floor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0422-9894(08)71021-3","article-title":"Mineralogy","volume":"Volume 15","author":"Burns","year":"1977","journal-title":"Marine Manganese Deposits"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usui, A. (1979). Minerals, Metal Contents, and Mechanism of Formation of Manganese Nodules from the Central Pacific Basin (GH76-1 and GH77-1 Areas). Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Pacific Manganese Nodule Province, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3518-4_19"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/10641199509388294","article-title":"First investigations of massive ferromanganese crusts in the NE Atlantic in comparison with hydrogenetic pacific occurrences","volume":"13","author":"Koschinsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(88)90113-2","article-title":"Cobalt- and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands","volume":"78","author":"Hein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1029\/91PA02936","article-title":"Variations in the Fine-Scale Composition of a Central Pacific Ferromanganese Crust: Paleoceanographic Implications","volume":"7","author":"Hein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paleoceanogrphy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10641190009353783","article-title":"Hydrothermal Mineralizing Processes and Associated Sedimentation in the Santorini Hydrothermal Embayments","volume":"18","author":"Cronan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(03)00122-1","article-title":"Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese crusts: Solid-phase associations and seawater speciation","volume":"198","author":"Koschinsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2138\/gselements.14.5.301","article-title":"Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits: Metal Resources and Windows into Earth Processes","volume":"14","author":"Lusty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elememts"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(91)90201-E","article-title":"Mn-Fe oxyhydroxide crusts from Krylov Seamount (Eastern Atlantic): Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis","volume":"96","author":"Varentsov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437012010031","article-title":"Ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Okhotsk","volume":"52","author":"Baturin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, E., Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Lunar, R., Reyes, J., Medialdea, T., Castillo-Carri\u00f3n, M., Bellido, E., and Somoza, L. (2018). High-Resolution Analysis of Critical Minerals and Elements in Fe\u2013Mn Crusts from the Canary Island Seamount Province (Atlantic Ocean). Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8070285"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3447","article-title":"Manganese oxide minerals: Crystal structures and economic and environmental significance","volume":"96","author":"Post","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.09","article-title":"Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific","volume":"119","author":"Hein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GC005861","article-title":"Phosphorites, Co-rich Mn nodules, and Fe-Mn crusts from Galicia Bank, NE Atlantic: Reflections of Cenozoic tectonics and paleoceanography, Geochemistry","volume":"17","author":"Somoza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2016.09.014","article-title":"Ni-Cu-Co-rich hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Wallis and Futuna back-arc environment (SW Pacific)","volume":"87","author":"Pelleter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.100.6.1151","article-title":"Mercury- and silver-rich ferromanganese oxides, southern California Borderland: Deposit model and environmental implications","volume":"100","author":"Hein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Horn, D.R. (1972). Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits. Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor, Arden House."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(84)90186-8","article-title":"Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R\u2014Control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes","volume":"48","author":"Dymond","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Kulm, L.D., Dymond, J., Dasch, E.J., Hussong, D.M., and Roderick, R. (1981). Formation and growth of ferromanganese oxides on the Nazca plate, In GSA MEMOIRS Nazca Plate: Crustal Formation and Andean Convergence, Geological Society of America."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2015-5122","article-title":"Mineralogical characterization of individual growth structures of Mn-nodules with different Ni+Cu content from the central Pacific Ocean","volume":"100","author":"Wegorzewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Miner."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2016.09.003","article-title":"A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements","volume":"87","author":"Josso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menendez, A., James, R., Shulga, N., Connelly, D., Roberts, S., Menendez, A., James, R., Shulga, N., Connelly, D., and Roberts, S. (2018). Linkages between the Genesis and Resource Potential of Ferromanganese Deposits in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8050197"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2014.07.004","article-title":"The influence of suboxic diagenesis on the formation of manganese nodules in the Clarion Clipperton nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean","volume":"357","author":"Wegorzewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2016.10.005","article-title":"Strategic and rare elements in Cretaceous-Cenozoic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from seamounts in the Canary Island Seamount Province (northeastern tropical Atlantic)","volume":"87","author":"Marino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2019.03.003","article-title":"Improving confidence in ferromanganese crust age models: A composite geochemical approach","volume":"513","author":"Josso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2138\/gselements.14.5.319","article-title":"Metal Extraction from Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits","volume":"14","author":"Zubkov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elememts"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"46","article-title":"Iron-Manganese Nodules from the Ocean Floor\u2014Raw Materials for the Production of Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, and Copper","volume":"9","author":"Shirer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Sov. J. Non-Ferrous Met. (Engl. Transl.)"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Friedmann, D., Pophanken, A.K., and Friedrich, B. (2015, January 14\u201317). Pyrometallurgical extraction of valuable metals from polymetallic deep-sea nodules. Proceedings of the EMC 2015, Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"258","article-title":"Technologies for the processing of polymetallic nodules from Clarion Clipperton zone in the Pacific Ocean","volume":"52","author":"Abramovski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Pophanken, A., and Friedrich, B. (2013, January 23\u201326). Challenges in the Metallurgical Processing of Marine Mineral Resources. Proceedings of the EMC 2013, Weimar, Germany."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-016-0070-8","article-title":"Pyrometallurgical Treatment of High Manganese Containing Deep Sea Nodules","volume":"3","author":"Friedmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Metall."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegorzewski, A.V., K\u00f6pcke, M., Kuhn, T., Sitnikova, M., and Wotruba, H. (2018). Thermal Pre-Treatment of Polymetallic Nodules to Create Metal (Ni, Cu, Co)-Rich Individual Particles for Further Processing. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8110523"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00358-4","article-title":"Sequential leaching of marine ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications","volume":"59","author":"Koschinsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2010.08.042","article-title":"Surface complexation of Cu on birnessite (\u03b4-MnO2): Controls on Cu in the deep ocean","volume":"74","author":"Sherman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2009.03.020","article-title":"Physiochemical controls on the crystal-chemistry of Ni in birnessite: Genetic implications for ferromanganese precipitates","volume":"73","author":"Peacock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2006.10.019","article-title":"Sorption of Ni by birnessite: Equilibrium controls on Ni in seawater","volume":"238","author":"Peacock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2014-4742","article-title":"Mineralogy and crystal chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu in a deep-sea Pacific polymetallic nodule","volume":"99","author":"Manceau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Miner."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.07.020","article-title":"Formation of todorokite from vernadite in Ni-rich hemipelagic sediments","volume":"71","author":"Manceau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.12.004","article-title":"Influence of vanadium doping on the supercapacitance performance of hexagonal birnessite","volume":"277","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2019, March 15). GeoERA-MINDeSEA. Available online: http:\/\/geoera.eu\/projects\/mindesea\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redfern, A.S.T. A.S. Marfunin (Ed.) Advanced Mineralogy Volume 1. Composition, Structure, and Properties of Mineral Matter; Volume 2. Methods and Instrumentations. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York (Springer-Verlag). Vol. 1: 1994, xxvii + 551 pp. Price DM198.00, ISBN 3-540-57254-6. Vol. 2: 1995, xxi + 441 pp. Price DM198.00. ISBN 0-387-57255-4. Mineral. Mag., 62, 877.","DOI":"10.1180\/002646198548106"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2010.04.006","article-title":"Sorption of Ni by \u201clithiophorite-asbolane\u201d intermediates in Moa Bay lateritic deposits, eastern Cuba","volume":"275","author":"Mosselmans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.04.021","article-title":"Molecular controls on Cu and Zn isotopic fractionation in Fe-Mn crusts","volume":"396","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.35840\/2631-505X\/8512","article-title":"Raman and Infrared Reflection Spectroscopic Study of Mineralogical Composition of Iron-Manganese Nodules (Pacific and Indian Oceans)","volume":"2","author":"Ostrooumov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Spectrosc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armbruster, T., and Danisi, R. (2015). The power of databases: The RRUFF project. Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, W. De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110417104"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(03)00035-3","article-title":"Raman spectra of birnessite manganese dioxides","volume":"159","author":"Julien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(00)00503-8","article-title":"Local cationic environment in lithium nickel-cobalt oxides used as cathode materials for lithium batteries","volume":"136","author":"Julien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(03)00279-8","article-title":"Lattice vibrations of manganese oxides: Part I. Periodic structures","volume":"60","author":"Julien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta-Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chukanov, N.V., and Chervonnyi, A.D. (2016). Infrared Spectroscopy of Minerals and Related Compounds, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25349-7"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-908X.2014.00288.x","article-title":"High-precision fe and mg isotope ratios of silicate reference glasses determined in situ by femtosecond LA-MC-ICP-MS and by solution nebulisation MC-ICP-MS","volume":"38","author":"Oeser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geostand. Geoanal. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2015.06.013","article-title":"Matrix and energy effects during in-situ determination of Cu isotope ratios by ultraviolet-femtosecond laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","volume":"111","author":"Lazarov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2017.03.029","article-title":"Crystallization history of enriched shergottites from Fe and Mg isotope fractionation in olivine megacrysts","volume":"207","author":"Collinet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.12.014","article-title":"Mantle-derived trace element variability in olivines and their melt inclusions","volume":"483","author":"Neave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-908X.2005.tb00904.x","article-title":"GeoReM: A New Geochemical Database for Reference Materials and Isotopic Standards","volume":"29","author":"Jochum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geostand. Geoanal. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-908X.2011.00120.x","article-title":"Determination of Reference Values for NIST SRM 610-617 Glasses Following ISO Guidelines","volume":"35","author":"Jochum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geostand. Geoanal. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sylvester, P. (2008). LAMTRACE Data Reduction Software for LA-ICP-MS. Laser Ablation ICP-MS in the Earth Sciences: Current Practices and Outstanding Issues, Mineralogical Association of Canada."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipin, B.R., and McKay, G.A. (1989). Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements, Mineralogicas Society of America.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781501509032"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Kane, W.S., and Cardwell, P.H. (1974). Winning of Metal Values from Ore Utilizing Recycled Acid Leaching Agent. (3923615A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans1989.34.593","article-title":"Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Sea Nodules with Methanol and Ethanol Addition","volume":"34","author":"Jana","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mater. Trans. JIM"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5240","article-title":"Automated curve fitting and unsupervised clustering of manganese oxide Raman responses","volume":"48","author":"Burlet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-017-1004-4","article-title":"The effect of Fe-Mn minerals and seawater interface and enrichment mechanism of ore-forming elements of polymetallic crusts and nodules from the South China Sea","volume":"36","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2008.06.006","article-title":"Synthesis of todorokite-type manganese oxide from Cu-buserite by controlling the pH at atmospheric pressure","volume":"117","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2003.10.005","article-title":"Synthesis and surface characterization of todorokite-type microporous manganese oxides: Implications for shape-selective oxidation catalysts","volume":"67","author":"Zaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M. (1985). The Continental Crust, Its Composition and Evolution: An Examination of the Geochemical Record Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks, Blackwell Scientific."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016702911060024","article-title":"Mineralogy and chemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"49","author":"Baturin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeo, I.A., Dobson, K., Josso, P., Pearce, R.B., Howarth, S.A., Lusty, P.A.J., le Bas, T.P., and Murton, B.J. (2018). Assessment of the Mineral Resource Potential of Atlantic Ferromanganese Crusts Based on Their Growth History. Microstruct. Texture Miner., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8080327"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benites, M., Millo, C., Hein, J., Nath, B.N., Murton, B., Galante, D., and Jovane, L. (2018). Integrated Geochemical and Morphological Data Provide Insights into the Genesis of Ferromanganese Nodules. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8110488"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2014.12.011","article-title":"Critical metals in manganese nodules from the Cook Islands EEZ, abundances and distributions","volume":"68","author":"Hein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(81)90096-0","article-title":"Geological factors related to characteristics of sea-floor manganese nodule deposits","volume":"28","author":"Frazer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(01)00066-2","article-title":"Heavy metal distributions in Peru Basin surface sediments in relation to historic, present and disturbed redox environments","volume":"48","author":"Koschinsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"59","article-title":"Geochemical and mineralogical control of different genetic types of deep-sea nodules from the Pacific Ocean","volume":"16","author":"Halbach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Min. Depos."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Morgenstein, M. (1973). Geochemical investigations of deep-sea manganese nodules from the Pacific on board RV \u201cValdivia\u201c. Papers on the Origin and Distribution of Manganese Nodules in the Pacific and Prospects for Their Exploration, University of Hawaii and IDOE-NSF."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6742(74)90001-6","article-title":"Ship-borne geochemical investigations of deep-sea manganese-nodule deposits in the Pacific using a radioisotope energy-dispersive X-ray system","volume":"3","author":"Friedrich","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(97)00231-7","article-title":"Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts","volume":"61","author":"Koschinsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2015.11.006","article-title":"Controls on ferromanganese crust composition and reconnaissance resource potential, Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean","volume":"110","author":"Hein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00231-6","article-title":"The hydrothermally altered ankaramite basalts of Punta Poyata (Tenerife, Canary Islands)","volume":"103","author":"Bustillo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1994)022<0151:HAOASC>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Hydrothermal alteration of a seamount complex on La Palma, Canary Islands: Implications for metamorphism in accreted terranes","volume":"22","author":"Schiffman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"429","article-title":"Textural and fluid inclusion evidence for hydrothermal activity in the volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria","volume":"Volume 157","author":"Weaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Schmincke, H.-U., Krastel, S., Hansteen, T., and Sumita, M. (2000). Preliminary Results, Leg M43\/1, Rock Sampling and Description. DECOS\/OMEX II, Cruise No. 43, METEOR-Berichte."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02107","article-title":"The origin of the Canary Island Seamount Province-New ages of old seamounts","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Hannington, M.D., Petersen, S., Santana-Casiano, M., Fraile-Nuez, E., Klischies, M., Lange, S., Hissman, K., Schauer, J., Striewski, P., and Anderson, M.O. (2016). POS-494 Leg 2 Cruise Report: Assessment of Ongoing Magmatic-Hydrothermal Discharge of the El Hierro Submarine Volcano, Canary Islands by the Submersible JAGO, RV POSEIDON. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Instituto de Oceanografia y Cambio Global, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.002","article-title":"Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of intra-caldera tuffs, Miocene Tejeda caldera, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands","volume":"176","author":"Donoghue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Rinc\u00f3n-Tom\u00e1s, B., Somoza, L., Hein, J.R., Medialdea, T., Madureira, P., Reyes, J., Hoppert, M., and Reitner, J. (2017, January 23\u201325). Fe-rich mineralized microbes from hydrothermal vents at Tagoro submarine volcano, El Hierro Island (central east Atlantic). Proceedings of the 113th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting-2017, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1130\/abs\/2017CD-292519"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GC006733","article-title":"Evolution of submarine eruptive activity during the 2011-2012 El Hierro event as documented by hydroacoustic images and remotely operated vehicle observations","volume":"18","author":"Somoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/1064119X.2012.661215","article-title":"Deep-sea Fe-Mn Crusts from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: Composition and Resource Considerations","volume":"31","author":"Hein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4301.1","article-title":"Changes in the Ventilation of the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Tropical North Atlantic","volume":"40","author":"Brandt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C12","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008118","article-title":"Ventilation of the equatorial Atlantic by the equatorial deep jets","volume":"117","author":"Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012272208129","article-title":"Elemental Composition of mineral aerosol generated from Sudan Sahara Sand","volume":"40","author":"Eltayeb","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3121.2010.00949.x","article-title":"Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for Sahara and Sahel dust additions to quaternary soils on Lanzarote, eastern Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"22","author":"Muhs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Terra Nov."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02369011","article-title":"Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic","volume":"85","author":"Koschinsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geol. Rundsch."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2016.09.032","article-title":"Continuous growth of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts since 17 Myr ago on Takuyo-Daigo Seamount, NW Pacific, at water depths of 800\u20135500 m","volume":"87","author":"Usui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040","article-title":"The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017","volume":"493","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(97)00048-6","article-title":"Saharan wind regimes traced by the Sr-Nd isotopic composition of subtropical Atlantic sediments: Last glacial maximumvs today","volume":"17","author":"Grousset","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2005.05.006","article-title":"Tracing dust sources and transport patterns using Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes","volume":"222","author":"Grousset","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(96)00057-6","article-title":"Geochemistry and mineralogy of alkali basalts from Tropic Seamount, Central Atlantic Ocean","volume":"136","author":"Blum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"(2015). Presentaci\u00f3n Parcial de Datos e Informaci\u00f3n Sobre los L\u00edmites de la Plataforma Continental de Espa\u00f1a al Oeste de las Islas Canarias, Conforme a la Parte VI y el Anexo II de la Convenci\u00f3n de las Naciones Unidas Sobre el Derecho del Mar, Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a (IGME)."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6511","DOI":"10.1029\/JB087iB08p06511","article-title":"Secondary Mineralization and Hydrothermal Alteration in the Reydarfjordur Drill Core, Eastern Iceland","volume":"87","author":"Mehegan","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(03)00355-4","article-title":"Hydrothermal activity in the SE Tyrrhenian Sea: An overview of 30 years of research","volume":"204","author":"Dekov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s004100050159","article-title":"Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: Evidence from Y\/Ho, Zr\/Hf, and lanthanide tetrad effect","volume":"123","author":"Bau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Marino, E., Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Somoza, L., Medialdea, T., and Lunar, R. Hydrothermal input on the formation of Fe-Mn crusts from Canary Islands Seamount Province: Geochemical and Fe isotopic studies, In preparation."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016702908120021","article-title":"Geochemistry and genesis of Fe-Mn mineralization in island arcs in the west Pacific Ocean","volume":"46","author":"Dubinin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4071","article-title":"Deep-sea mining: Interdisciplinary research on potential environmental, legal, economic, and societal implications","volume":"14","author":"Koschinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Agarwal, J.C., and Wilder, T. (1974). Recovery of Metal Values from Manganese Nodules. (3788841A), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03354283","article-title":"Processing of ocean nodules: A technical and economic review","volume":"28","author":"Agarwal","year":"1976","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-7516(75)90019-8","article-title":"Acid leaching of ocean manganese nodules at elevated temperatures","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"66","article-title":"Ammonia leaching of ocean nodules using various reductants","volume":"42","author":"Acharya","year":"1989","journal-title":"Erzmetall"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2011.07.006","article-title":"Leaching of roast-reduced manganese nodules in NH3\u2013(NH4)2CO3 medium","volume":"109","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-018-0192-2","article-title":"The Rare Earth Elements Potential of Greek Bauxite Active Mines in the Light of a Sustainable REE Demand","volume":"5","author":"Gamaletsos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Metall."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-386X(88)90015-1","article-title":"Reduction leaching of manganese nodules of Indian Ocean origin in dilute hydrochloric acid","volume":"21","author":"Kanungo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03354284","article-title":"Extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt from sea nodules","volume":"28","author":"Sridhar","year":"1976","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.01.010","article-title":"Phase associations and potential selective extraction methods for selected high-tech metals from ferromanganese nodules and crusts with siderophores","volume":"43","author":"Mohwinkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Spickermann, R. (May, January 30). Rare Earth Content of Manganese Nodules in the Lockheed Martin Clarion-Clipperton Zone Exploration Areas. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Papavasileiou, K. (2014, January 4\u20137). Near future REE resources for Europe-The new frontier of Marine exploration, mining and processing. Proceedings of the 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference, At Milos, Greece."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1134\/S0024490207060028","article-title":"Composition of technological sample of ferromanganese crusts from seamounts and products of its processing","volume":"42","author":"Lugovskaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lithol. Miner. Resour."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.2138\/am-1997-11-1213","article-title":"Structural mechanism of Co2+oxidation by the phyllomanganate buserite","volume":"82","author":"Manceau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(02)00869-4","article-title":"Structure of heavy metal sorbed birnessite. Part III: Results from powder and polarized EXAFS spectroscopy","volume":"66","author":"Manceau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Structural chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in manganese hydrous oxides: Part II. Information from EXAFS spectroscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction","volume":"77","author":"Manceau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.2343\/geochemj.1.0060","article-title":"A XAFS study on the mechanism of isotopic fractionation of molybdenum during its adsorption on ferromanganese oxides","volume":"43","author":"Kashiwabara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geochem. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2012.12.026","article-title":"Tungsten species in natural ferromanganese oxides related to its different behavior from molybdenum in oxic ocean","volume":"106","author":"Kashiwabara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahu, K.K., Agarwal, S., Mishra, D., Agrawal, A., Randhawa, N.S., Godiwalla, K.M., and Jana, R.K. (2013). Nickel, Cobalt and Copper Recovery from Sea Nodules by Direct Smelting Process. Ni-Co 2013, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118658826.ch21"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"345","article-title":"Study of pH Influence on Selective Precipitation of Heavy Metals from Acid Mine Drainage","volume":"25","author":"Balintova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J. (2008). N\u00f3dulos y Costras de Hierro-Manganeso en el Golfo de C\u00e1diz y la Ant\u00e1rtida: G\u00e9nesis e Implicaciones Paleoceanogr\u00e1ficas, Publicaciones del Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a."}],"container-title":["Minerals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/9\/7\/439\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:06:41Z","timestamp":1760188001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-163X\/9\/7\/439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["min9070439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min9070439","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-163X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-163X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]}}}