{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:12:32Z","timestamp":1774926752056,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB044232020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP044232020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP044232020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB044232020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP044232020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP044232020"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal","award":["UIDB044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB044232020"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal","award":["UIDP044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP044232020"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal","award":["UIDP044232020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP044232020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Modelling"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study numerically investigates a pile-supported pier, which comprises a column with a partially buried pile cap and a group of piles, recognizing that partially buried pile caps lead to the highest scour depth. Most research has focused on equilibrium scour conditions in laboratory settings, overlooking the detailed dynamics of horseshoe vortices around pile groups. This study aims to clarify the flow structure and vortex dynamics at a pile-supported pier during local scour hole development stages using an in-house developed numerical model. The model\u2019s accuracy is validated against flat-channel and compound pier reference cases. For the pile-supported pier, fixed bed geometry was used in flow simulations at selected scouring stages. Results show significant changes in flow structure and vortex formation with scour hole time development, particularly as the bed surface moves away from the pile cap. The study reveals variations in vortex size, number, and positioning, alongside turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress distributions over time. High positive Reynolds shear stress near the bed during intermediate scouring stages highlights the complex interactions within the flow field. This research provides the first detailed visualization of flow structure evolution within a scour hole at a pile-supported pier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/modelling5030046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T18:04:59Z","timestamp":1722535499000},"page":"884-900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Numerical Analysis of Flow Structure Evolution during Scour Hole Development: A Case Study of a Pile-Supported Pier with Partially Buried Pile Cap"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Alemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IMDC (International Marine and Dredging Consultants), Van Immerseelstraat 66, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"P\u00eago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental), Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Okhravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental), Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-006-0209-7","article-title":"Down-Flow and Horseshoe Vortex Characteristics of Sediment Embedded Bridge Piers","volume":"42","author":"Unger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203058","article-title":"The Turbulent Flow Field around a Circular Cylinder","volume":"8","author":"Dargahi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.09.030","article-title":"Numerical Investigation of the Flow Behavior around a Single Cylinder Using Large Eddy Simulation Model","volume":"145","author":"Alemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean. 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