{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T19:53:37Z","timestamp":1765828417752,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Modelling"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adhesive joints are widespread in the aerospace, aeronautics, and automotive industries. When compared to conventional mechanical joints, adhesive joints involve a smaller number of components, reduce the final weight of the structure, enable joining dissimilar materials, and resist the applied loadings with a more uniform stress state distribution compared to conventional joining methods. Hydroformed tubular adhesive joints are a suitable solution to join tubes with identical cross-sections, i.e., tubes with the same dimensions, although this solution is seldom addressed in the literature regarding implementation feasibility. This work aims to numerically analyze, by cohesive zone modelling (CZM), hydroformed tubular adhesive joints between aluminum adherends subjected to tensile loads, considering the variation of material parameters (type of adhesive) and geometrical parameters. Initially, a validation of the proposed CZM approach is carried out against experimental data. Next, the aim is to numerically evaluate the tensile characteristics of the joints, measured by the maximum load (Pm) and energy of rupture (ER), considering the main geometrical parameters (outer tube diameter of the non-hydroformed adherend or dENHA, overlap length or LO, tube thickness or tAd, and joggle angle or q). CZM validation was successfully performed. The numerical study determined that the optimal geometry uses the adhesive Araldite\u00ae AV138, higher dENHA and LO highly benefit the joint behavior, tAd has a moderate effect, and q has negligible influence on the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/modelling5030052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T11:58:46Z","timestamp":1724759926000},"page":"990-1008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical Evaluation of Hydroformed Tubular Adhesive Joints under Tensile Loads"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Lima","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Duarte Salgueiral Gomes","family":"Campilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP\u2014School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014P\u00f3lo FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3390\/modelling3010009","article-title":"On the design of composite patch repair for strengthening of marine plates subjected to compressive loads","volume":"3","author":"Kallitsis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Modelling"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2017.10.010","article-title":"Effect of surface treatment on adhesively bonded aluminium-aluminium joints regarding aeronautical structures","volume":"84","author":"Correia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Petrie, E.M. (2002). Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants, McGraw Hill. 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