{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:32:11Z","timestamp":1775543531460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]],"date-time":"2012-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acetone was investigated and found to be an appropriate alternative to Triton X-100 as a solvent of essential oils in bioassays aimed to investigate their effects on pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) mortality. Therefore it was used as dilution agent to screen the effectiveness of fifty two essential oils against this pest. Thirteen essential oils were highly effective, resulting in more than 90% pinewood nematode mortality at 2 mg\/mL, with six of them resulting in 100% mortality. LC100 values ranged between 0.50 mg\/mL and 0.83 mg\/mL for the essential oils of Origanum vulgare and Satureja montana, respectively. Essential oils were submitted to gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and their chemical composition established. Data from essential oils with 100% mortality at 2 mg\/mL and other essential oils previously found to have LC100 \u2264 2 mg\/mL was combined, their chemical profiles investigated by correspondences analysis plus automatic classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171012312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]],"date-time":"2012-10-22T05:32:03Z","timestamp":1350883923000},"page":"12312-12329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Bioassays Against Pinewood Nematode: Assessment of a Suitable Dilution Agent and Screening for Bioactive Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NemaLab-ICAAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge M. S.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta D.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Silva","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Tinoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAAM, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis G.","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NemaLab-ICAAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, M., and Vieira, P. (2008). Pine Wilt Disease: A Worldwide Threat to Forest Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8455-3"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fonseca, L., Lopes, A., Cardoso, J., Pestana, M., Abreu, F., Nunes, N., Mota, M., and Abrantes, I. (2010, January 19\u201323). The Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Madeira Island. Presented at the Abstracts of the 30th International Symposium of European Society of Nematologists, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-12-10-0902","article-title":"Detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causal agent of pine wilt disease on Pinus pinaster in Northwestern Spain","volume":"95","author":"Abelleira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Portaria, N. (2008, January 27). 553-B\/2008, Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, Desenvolvimento Rural e Pescas; Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica, S\u00e9rie 1, n. 123. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2000-3-425","article-title":"Antinematodal activity of some tropical rainforest plants against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus","volume":"55","author":"Alen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1163\/156854107780739018","article-title":"Nematicidal activity of onion (Allium cepa) oil and its components against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1337","article-title":"Screening and isolation of a nematicidal sesquiterpene from Magnolia grandiflora L","volume":"63","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"8","article-title":"Nematicidal activity of essential oils and volatiles derived from Portuguese aromatic flora against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus","volume":"42","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"UNEP Chemicals (United Nations Environment Programme). Available online:http:\/\/www.chem.unep.ch\/irptc\/sids\/OECDSIDS\/sidspub.html."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.526948","article-title":"Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Cassia alata leaf acetone extract and fractions on Haemonchus contortus: In vitro studies","volume":"49","author":"Ademola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1226-8615(08)60289-7","article-title":"Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pacific Entomol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"275","article-title":"Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), Allspice (Pimenta dioica) and Litsea (Litsea cubeba) essential oils against pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.2008.24.2.178","article-title":"Nematocidal screening of essential oils and herbal extracts against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus","volume":"24","author":"Elbadri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7316","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800780f","article-title":"Nematicidal Activity of Plant Essential oils and components from Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Oriental Sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis), and Valerian (Valeriana wallichii) essential oils against Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Log-normal distributions across the sciences: Keys and clues","volume":"51","author":"Limpert","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.301","article-title":"Development of a water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate and its preventative effect against the wilting of pot-grown pine trees inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus","volume":"57","author":"Takai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4010337","article-title":"A statistical distribution function of wide applicability","volume":"18","author":"Weibull","year":"1951","journal-title":"J.Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786404218","article-title":"Portuguese Thymbra and Thymus species volatiles: Chemical composition and biological activities","volume":"14","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1163\/156854105775142946","article-title":"Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1163\/138855410X504907","article-title":"Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from Gaultheria fragrantissima and Zanthoxylum alatum against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.3.502","article-title":"Antibacterial efficiency of Spanish Satureja montana essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes among natural flora in minced pork","volume":"71","author":"Rota","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30761-8","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of plants in Acute Otitis Externa","volume":"74","author":"Nogueira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7532","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15117532","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model","volume":"15","author":"Marin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1594","article-title":"Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candida albicans. Potentiation of antifungal action of amphotericin B by essential oil from Thymus vulgaris","volume":"18","author":"Giordani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02996.x","article-title":"Evaluation of commercial essential oil samples on the growth of postharvest pathogen Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey","volume":"52","author":"Hetherington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8162","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0510079","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils isolated from Thymbra capitata L. (Cav.) and Origanum vulgare L","volume":"53","author":"Faleiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.10.064","article-title":"In vitro activity of the essential oils of Origanum vulgare, Satureja montana and their main constituents in peroxynitrite-induced oxidative processes","volume":"104","author":"Prieto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01376.x","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of the supercritical and conventional Satureja montana extracts","volume":"74","author":"Grosso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00284-4","article-title":"Potential allelochemicals from the essential oil of Ruta graveolens","volume":"61","author":"Feo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"124","article-title":"Volatile composition of Ruta graveolens L","volume":"7","author":"Soleimani","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"237","article-title":"Nematicidal and propagation activities of thyme red and white oil compounds toward Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematode: Parasitaphelenchidae)","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2013474","article-title":"Aliphatic ketones from Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) induce paralysis on root knot nematodes","volume":"59","author":"Ntalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2010). European Pharmacopoeia, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines. [7th]."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"438","article-title":"On the methodology of nematode extraction from field samples: Baermann funnel modifications","volume":"15","author":"Viglierchio","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"P\u00fcntener, W. (1981). Manual for Field Trials in Plant Protection, Ciba-Geigy. [2nd]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1137\/0111030","article-title":"An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters","volume":"11","author":"Marquardt","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800140107","article-title":"Normal and Weibull distributions","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nav. Res. Logist. Q."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"96","article-title":"The Weibull function: A new method of comparing seed vigor","volume":"1","author":"Bonner","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Seed Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.11.4.348","article-title":"Comparing treatment means: a compendium","volume":"11","author":"Chew","year":"1976","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"62","article-title":"Precision and selection of extraction methods of aphelenchid nematodes from maritime pine wood, Pinus pinaster L","volume":"34","author":"Penas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2307\/1267921","article-title":"A comparison of four procedures for multiple comparisons among means (pairwise contrasts) for arbitrary simple sizes","volume":"18","author":"Ury","year":"1976","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Sokal, R.R., and Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry. The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, Freeman. [3rd]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Lebart, L., Morineau, A., and Piron, M. (2000). Statistique Exploratoire Multidimensionelle, Dunod."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/17\/10\/12312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:57Z","timestamp":1760219577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/17\/10\/12312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules171012312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules171012312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]]}}}