{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:22:35Z","timestamp":1773292955781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]],"date-time":"2013-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from the dermaseptin and phylloseptin families were isolated from the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa nordestina, a recently described amphibian species from Northeastern Brazil. One dermaseptin and three phylloseptins were chosen for solid phase peptide synthesis. The antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activities of the synthetic peptides were determined, as well as their cytotoxicity in mouse peritoneal cells. AMPs are being considered as frameworks for the development of novel drugs inspired by their mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18067058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]],"date-time":"2013-06-17T11:18:49Z","timestamp":1371467929000},"page":"7058-7070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Skin Secretion of the Amphibian Phyllomedusa nordestina: A Source of Antimicrobial and Antiprotozoal Peptides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Brand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Espectrometria de Massa, EMBRAPA, Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos e Biotecnologia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70770-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Campus Parna\u00edba,  Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Parnaiba, PI 64202-320, Brazil"},{"name":"Bolsista de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico Regional, DCR, FAPEPI\/CNPq, Campus Parna\u00edba, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Parnaiba, PI 64202-320, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Raimunda","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Campus Parna\u00edba,  Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Parnaiba, PI 64202-320, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Arake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Espectrometria de Massa, EMBRAPA, Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos e Biotecnologia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70770-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Valdel\u00e2nia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Campus Parna\u00edba,  Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Parnaiba, PI 64202-320, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Leiz","family":"Veras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Campus Parna\u00edba,  Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Parnaiba, PI 64202-320, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia, RENORBIO, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Teresina, PI 64001-020, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Campus Parna\u00edba,  Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Parnaiba, PI 64202-320, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Leishmanioses, Instituto de Doen\u00e7as Tropicais Natan Portela, IDTNP, Teresina, PI, 64001-450, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Leishmanioses, Instituto de Doen\u00e7as Tropicais Natan Portela, IDTNP, Teresina, PI, 64001-450, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Kuckelhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular, \u00c1rea de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina,  Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, UnB, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Feio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Campus Parna\u00edba,  Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, UFPI, Parnaiba, PI 64202-320, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19924.x","article-title":"Isolation and structure of novel defensive peptides from frog skin","volume":"219","author":"Mor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866053406084","article-title":"Amphiphilic alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides and their structure\/function relationships","volume":"12","author":"Dennison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms","volume":"415","author":"Zasloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000163","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro activity of dermaseptin 01, a cationic antimicrobial peptide, against Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"8","author":"Nascimento","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.11.002","article-title":"Amphibian antimicrobial peptides and Protozoa: lessons from parasites","volume":"1788","author":"Rivas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.06.168","article-title":"Novel dermaseptins from Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis (Amphibia)","volume":"347","author":"Brand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.12.005","article-title":"Role of lipids in the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with membranes","volume":"51","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"217","article-title":"Will new generations of modified antimicrobial peptides improve their potential as pharmaceuticals?","volume":"38","author":"Brogden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2008.11.001","article-title":"Leishmanicidal activity and immobilization of dermaseptin 01 antimicrobial peptides in ultrathin films for nanomedicine applications","volume":"5","author":"Zampa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0622-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides from Phyllomedusa frogs: From biomolecular diversity to potential nanotechnologic medical applications","volume":"40","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.09.006","article-title":"The dermaseptin superfamily: A gene-based combinatorial library of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"1788","author":"Nicolas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"159","article-title":"Redefini\u00e7\u00e3o do grupo de Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis, com redescri\u00e7\u00e3o de P. megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), revalida\u00e7\u00e3o de P. azurea cope, 1862 e descri\u00e7\u00e3o de uma nova esp\u00e9cie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"64","author":"Caramaschi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49332","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209289200","article-title":"Dermaseptins from Phyllomedusa oreades and Phyllomedusa distincta. Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity without cytotoxicity to mammalian cells","volume":"277","author":"Brand","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2007.05.001","article-title":"A combined mass spectrometric and cDNA sequencing approach to the isolation and characterization of novel antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions of Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis azurea","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.04.006","article-title":"Elements of the granular gland peptidome and transcriptome persist in air-dried skin of the South American orange-legged leaf frog, Phyllomedusa hypocondrialis","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.04.017","article-title":"Peptides with differential cytolytic activity from skin secretions of the lemur leaf frog Hylomantis lemur (Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae)","volume":"50","author":"Conlon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3604","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0702666","article-title":"Amphibian skin secretomics: application of parallel quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and peptide precursor cDNA cloning to rapidly characterize the skin secretory peptidome of Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis azurea: discovery of a novel peptide family, the hyposins","volume":"6","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.09.010","article-title":"Peptidomic dissection of the skin secretion of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)","volume":"57","author":"Rates","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01637-9","article-title":"The strange case of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"16","author":"Mauricio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.06.017","article-title":"A consistent nomenclature of antimicrobial peptides isolated from frogs of the subfamily Phyllomedusinae","volume":"29","author":"Amiche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.04.027","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretion of the frog Leptodactylus syphax","volume":"50","author":"Dourado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.10.102","article-title":"Post-secretory events alter the peptide content of the skin secretion of Hypsiboas raniceps","volume":"377","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.05.002","article-title":"Antiplasmodial and antileishmanial activities of phylloseptin-1, an antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa azurea (Amphibia)","volume":"123","author":"Kuckelhaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.04.020","article-title":"Bradykinin-related peptides from Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis","volume":"27","author":"Brand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-378630-2.00069-4","article-title":"Protein Data Resources","volume":"3","author":"Furnham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)61932-9","article-title":"Methods for studying cell death and viability in primary neuronal cultures","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2009). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically: Approved Standard, [8th ed.]. CLSI document M07-A8 (ISBN 1-56238-689-1)."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/18\/6\/7058\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:22Z","timestamp":1760219242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/18\/6\/7058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules18067058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules18067058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]]}}}