{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:19:18Z","timestamp":1768997958531,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporary Mediterranean ponds are complex ecosystems which support a high diversity of organisms that include heterotrophic microorganisms, algae, crustaceans, amphibians and higher plants, and have the potential to supply food and a resting place to migratory birds. The role of heterotrophs at the base of the food web in providing energy to the higher trophic levels was studied in temporary ponds in Central and Southern  Portugal. The relative quantification of the hetero and autotrophic biomass at the base of the food web in each pond was derived from the polar fatty acid (PLFA) composition of seston through the application of the matrix factorization program CHEMTAX that used specific PLFA and their relative proportion as markers for e.g., classes of bacteria, algae and fungi. The species composition of the culturable microbial communities was identified through their fatty acid profiles. The biomass in the lower trophic level of some ponds presented an even proportion of auto to heterotrophic organisms whilst either bacteria or algae dominated in others. In a selected subset of ponds, the incorporation of bacterial fatty acids was observed to occur in potentially herbivorous zooplankton crustacean. Zooplankton consumed and incorporated bacterial fatty acids into their body tissues, including into their phospholipids, which indicates that energy of heterotrophic origin contributes to the aquatic food webs of temporary ponds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19055570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T13:16:54Z","timestamp":1398863814000},"page":"5570-5598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Fatty Acids as a Tool to Understand Microbial Diversity and Their Role in Food Webs of Mediterranean Temporary Ponds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"De Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria-Jos\u00e9","family":"Caramujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C2, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1051\/alr:1994009","article-title":"Lipid class and fatty acid composition of planktivorous larval pike Esox lucius living in a natural pond","volume":"7","author":"Desvilettes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aquat. Living Resour."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009985529660","article-title":"Life history comparisons of Daphnia obtusa from temporary ponds, cultured with a low-quality food","volume":"34","author":"Nix","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., and Thompson, F. (2013). The Prokaryotes, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30144-5"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"688","article-title":"Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystem. 2. Biogeochemical controls","volume":"33","author":"Howarth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1086\/285546","article-title":"Cause-effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure, and interspecific interactions","volume":"142","author":"Hairston","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-47-1-25","article-title":"A quantitative study of bacteria of a temporary pond","volume":"47","author":"Felton","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-011-0234-3","article-title":"Species loss in the brown world: Are heterotrophic systems inherently stable?","volume":"74","author":"Rubbo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh058","article-title":"Comparison of pelagic food webs in lakes along a trophic gradient and with seasonal aspects: Influence of resource and predation","volume":"26","author":"Auer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/21.12.2393","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of the planktonic microbial community in a maritime Antarctic lake undergoing eutrophication","volume":"21","author":"Butler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3354\/meps010257","article-title":"The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea","volume":"10","author":"Azam","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1988.33.5.1225","article-title":"Role of microbes in pelagic food webs\u2014a revised concept","volume":"33","author":"Sherr","year":"1988","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/12.4.809","article-title":"Lipid composition and food quality of some freshwater phytoplankton for cladoceran zooplankters","volume":"12","author":"Ahlgren","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.1997.00275.x","article-title":"The role of food quality for zooplankton: Remarks on the state-of-the-art, perspectives and priorities","volume":"38","author":"Gulati","year":"1997","journal-title":"Freshwat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1127\/archiv-hydrobiol\/132\/1995\/297","article-title":"Evidence that a highly unsaturated fatty-acid limits Daphnia growth in nature","volume":"132","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02210","article-title":"Unsaturated fatty acid content in seston and tropho-dynamic coupling in lakes","volume":"427","author":"Brett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1995.40.5.0860","article-title":"Trophic transfer of fatty acids, sterols, and a triterpenoid alcohol between bacteria, a ciliate, and the copepod Acartia. tonsa","volume":"40","author":"Ederington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3354\/meps274199","article-title":"Role of essential lipids in copepod nutrition: No evidence for trophic upgrading of food quality by a marine ciliate","volume":"274","author":"Koski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.4.1699","article-title":"Trophic upgrading of autotrophic picoplankton by the heterotrophic nanoflagellate Paraphysomonas. sp.","volume":"51","author":"Bec","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kainz, M., Brett, M.T., and Arts, M.T. (2009). Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89366-2"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01076.x","article-title":"Food quality of heterotrophic bacteria for Daphnia magna: Evidence for a limitation by sterols","volume":"76","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4081\/jlimnol.2010.64","article-title":"Biological diversity of copepods and cladocerans in Mediterranean temporary ponds under periods of contrasting rainfall","volume":"69","author":"Caramujo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"669","article-title":"Signature lipid biomarker (SLB) analysis in determining changes in community structure of soil microorganisms","volume":"12","author":"Mrozik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hurst, C.J., Crawford, R.L., Knudsen, G.R., McInerney, M.J., and Stetzenbach, L.D. (2002). Manual of Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3354\/meps324113","article-title":"Phospholipid-derived fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers for phytoplankton: Application for inferring phytoplankton composition","volume":"324","author":"Dijkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(97)00053-7","article-title":"Fatty acids as trophic markers of phytoplankton blooms in the Bah\u00eda Blanca estuary (Buenos Aires, Argentina) and in Trinity Bay (Newfoundland, Canada)","volume":"25","author":"Napolitano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1992.00037.x","article-title":"Fatty acid content and chemical composition of freshwater microalgae","volume":"28","author":"Ahlgren","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2009.10.002","article-title":"Composition and heterogeneity of the microbial community in a coastal microbial mat as revealed by the analysis of pigments and phospholipid-derived fatty acids","volume":"63","author":"Dijkman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.11.2888-2893.1989","article-title":"Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in determining microbial biomass in sediments","volume":"55","author":"Findlay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384433","article-title":"The use of phospholipid fatty acid analysis to estimate bacterial and fungal biomass in soil","volume":"22","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Fertility Soils"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00621.x","article-title":"Signature fatty acids provide tools for determination of the distribution and interactions of mycorrhizal fungi in soil","volume":"29","author":"Olsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(97)00155-0","article-title":"Phospholipid fatty acid profiles in selected members of soil microbial communities","volume":"35","author":"Zelles","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1139\/f92-285","article-title":"Periphyton response in an industrial receiving stream: Lipid-based physiological stress analysis and pattern recognition of microbial community structure","volume":"49","author":"Guckert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkermans, A.D.L., van Elsas, J.D., and de Bruijn, F. (1996). Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0215-2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2008.6.190","article-title":"A Bayesian compositional estimator for microbial taxonomy based on biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Soetaert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr-Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00131-9","article-title":"Identification of single cultured micro-organisms based on their whole-community fatty acid profiles, using an extended extraction procedure","volume":"39","author":"Zelles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"185","article-title":"Quantitative comparisons of in situ microbial biodiversity by signature biomarker analysis","volume":"17","author":"White","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3354\/meps144265","article-title":"CHEMTAX\u2014a program for estimating class abundances from chemical markers: Application to HPLC measurements of phytoplankton","volume":"144","author":"Mackey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(03)46005-7","article-title":"Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment","volume":"46","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04693.x","article-title":"Phospholipid fatty acid and lipopolysaccharide fatty acid signature lipids in methane-utilizing bacteria","volume":"85","author":"Bowman","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2002.00318.x","article-title":"Estimation of methanotroph abundance in a freshwater lake sediment","volume":"4","author":"Costello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.08.013","article-title":"The 3-hydroxy fatty acids as biomarkers for quantification and characterization of endotoxins and Gram-negative bacteria in atmospheric aerosols in Hong Kong","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.11.3605-3617.1993","article-title":"Phospholipid fatty acid composition, biomass, and activity of microbial communities from two soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy metals","volume":"59","author":"Tunlid","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)90525-9","article-title":"Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from 14 species of diatom (Bacillariophyceae)","volume":"35","author":"Dunstan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.11.4136-4146.1996","article-title":"Characterization and differentiation of filamentous fungi based on fatty acid composition","volume":"62","author":"Stahl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kainz, M., Brett, M.T., and Arts, M.T. (2009). Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89366-2"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kainz, M., Brett, M.T., and Arts, M.T. (2009). Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89366-2"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.10.004","article-title":"Marine actinobacteria: New opportunities for natural product search and discovery","volume":"15","author":"Bull","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/47469","article-title":"A highly unsaturated fatty acid predicts carbon transfer between primary producers and consumers","volume":"403","author":"Brett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00191-X","article-title":"Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: Current status and future directions","volume":"179","author":"Sargent","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kainz, M., Brett, M.T., and Arts, M.T. (2009). Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89366-2"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., and Thompson, F (2013). The Prokaryotes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30144-5"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.59.1.143-169.1995","article-title":"Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation","volume":"59","author":"Amann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.7.2483-2493.1994","article-title":"Accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of model bacterial communities","volume":"60","author":"Haack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12266","article-title":"Bacterial diversity assessed by cultivation-based techniques shows predominance of Staphylococccus species on coins collected in Lisbon and Casablanca","volume":"88","author":"Caramujo","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of microorganisms using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and the MIDI sherlock microbial identification system","volume":"Volume III","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01482-07","article-title":"Temporal and spatial patterns of eukaryotic and bacterial communities found in vernal pools","volume":"74","author":"Swanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-012-1302-y","article-title":"Microbial biofilm structure and organic matter use in mediterranean streams","volume":"719","author":"Amalfitano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-010-0199-6","article-title":"Dynamics of a benthic microbial community in a riverine environment subject to hydrological fluctuations (Mulargia River, Italy)","volume":"657","author":"Zoppini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-006-9060-4","article-title":"The influence of stream sediment particle size on bacterial abundance and community composition","volume":"41","author":"Santmire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5282-5289.2005","article-title":"Resistance of marine bacterioneuston to solar radiation","volume":"71","author":"Joux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2011.02628.x","article-title":"Bacterial community structure in a latitudinal gradient of lakes: The roles of spatial versus environmental factors","volume":"56","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Freshwat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3354\/meps112169","article-title":"The potential importance of grazing-resistant bacteria in planktonic systems","volume":"112","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3354\/ame045115","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics and phylogenetic diversity of free-living and particle-associated bacterial communities in four lakes in northeastern Germany","volume":"45","author":"Allgaier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellinger, E.G., and Sigee, D.C. (2010). Freshwater Algae, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470689554"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Barnett, J.A., Payne, R.W., and Yarrow, D. (2000). Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification, Cambridge University Press. [3th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Bessey, E.A. (1961). Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi, Hafner Pub. Co."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008883716975","article-title":"Role of fungi in freshwater ecosystems","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigee, D. (2005). Freshwater Microbiology: Biodiversity and Dynamic Interactions of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470011254"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Boddy, L., Frankland, J., and West, P.V. (2008). Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eganhouse, R.P. (1997). Molecular markers in environmental geochemistry, American Chemical Society. Chapter 2.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1997-0671"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2012.06.005","article-title":"High throughput phospholipid fatty acid analysis of soils","volume":"61","author":"Buyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-012-1282-4","article-title":"Shifts in the dominance between diatoms and cryptophytes during three late summers in the Bransfield Strait (Antarctic Peninsula)","volume":"36","author":"Mendes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2009.06.015","article-title":"Phytoplankton community structure and stocks in the Southern Ocean (30\u201380\u00b0E) determined by CHEMTAX analysis of HPLC pigment signatures","volume":"57","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part 2 Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"71","article-title":"Pigment Markers for Phytoplankton Production","volume":"Volume 2N","author":"Volkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3354\/meps329013","article-title":"Improving estimations of phytoplankton class abundances using CHEMTAX","volume":"329","author":"Latasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00382522","article-title":"Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland","volume":"22","author":"Bardgett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Fertility Soils"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.01.008","article-title":"Fungal\/bacterial ratios in grasslands with contrasting nitrogen management","volume":"38","author":"Hoffland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00559.x","article-title":"Identification and characterization of ecologically significant prokaryotes in the sediment of freshwater lakes: Molecular and cultivation studies","volume":"24","author":"Spring","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3721-3726.1999","article-title":"Bacterioplankton compositions of lakes and oceans: A first comparison based on fluorescence in situ hybridization","volume":"65","author":"Fuchs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.1.0288","article-title":"Nutrient and light availability regulate the relative contribution of autotrophs and heterotrophs to respiration in freshwater pelagic ecosystems","volume":"51","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.2.0361","article-title":"A trophic state index for lakes","volume":"22","author":"Carlson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1970.tb04718.x","article-title":"The polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine and freshwater Cryptomonads","volume":"17","author":"Beach","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3354\/ame025271","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of freshwater heterotrophic flagellates: An experimental study","volume":"25","author":"Desvilettes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3354\/ame032203","article-title":"Nutritional quality of a freshwater heterotrophic flagellate: Trophic upgrading of its microalgal diet for Daphnia hyalina","volume":"32","author":"Bec","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.1997.00241.x","article-title":"Use of fatty acids for the assessment of zooplankton grazing on bacteria, protozoans and microalgae","volume":"38","author":"Desvilettes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Freshwat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"225","article-title":"Fats in fresh water crustaceans. 1. Fatty acid composition of lipids obtained from Eudiaptomus gracilis G.O. Sars (Copepoda) and Daphnia cucullata G.O. Sars (Cladocera)","volume":"21","author":"Farkas","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Thompson, G.A. (1992). The Regulation of Membrane Lipid Metabolism, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1543469","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid regulates scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) membrane fluidity in response to cold","volume":"202","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2006.01540.x","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids in zooplankton: Variation due to taxonomy and trophic position","volume":"51","author":"Persson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Freshwat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00015525","article-title":"Algal picoplankton production and contribution to food-webs in oligotrophic British Columbia lakes","volume":"173","author":"Stockner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kainz, M., Brett, M.T., and Arts, M.T. (2009). Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89366-2"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00348249","article-title":"Importance of wax esters and other lipids in the marine food chain: Phytoplankton and copepods","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2004.49.5.1784","article-title":"Essential fatty acids in the planktonic food web and their ecological role for higher trophic levels","volume":"49","author":"Kainz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-006-5111-9","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the fatty acid composition and temporal trajectories of fatty acids in fasting Daphnia pulex (Crustacea, cladocera)","volume":"41","author":"Schlechtriem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2307\/3543338","article-title":"Chlorophyll-a determination: Improvements in methodology","volume":"30","author":"Riemann","year":"1978","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-7471(63)90358-9","article-title":"A method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll and phaeophytin by fluorescence","volume":"10","author":"Yentsch","year":"1963","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)88444-5","article-title":"A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters","volume":"27","author":"Murphy","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Dussart, B. (1969). Les Cop\u00e9podes des eaux continentales d'Europe occidentale. Tome II: Cyclopoides et Biologie, Boub\u00e9e & Cie. [Editions N]."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Dussart, B. (1967). Les Cop\u00e9podes des Eaux continentales d'Europe occidentale. Tome I: Calanoides et Harpacticoides, Boubl\u00e9e & Cie. [Editions N]."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Das Zooplankton der Binnengew\u00e4sser, 2. Teil Freilebende Copepoda","volume":"26","author":"Kiefer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Die Binnengew\u00e4sser"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Scourfield, D.J., and Harding, J.P. (1958). A Key to the British Species of Freshwater Cladocera, With Notes on Their Ecology (no 5), Freshwater Biological Association."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"486","article-title":"Crustacea. Branchiopoda","volume":"Volume 7","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fauna Ib\u00e9rica"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2307\/2844613","article-title":"Biogeography of the freshwater zooplanktonic communities of Spain","volume":"9","author":"Miracle","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540600557827","article-title":"Ecological characterization and cladocerans, calanoid copepods and large branchiopods of temporary ponds in a Mediterranean island (Sicily, southern Italy)","volume":"22","author":"Marrone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1139\/y59-099","article-title":"A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification","volume":"37","author":"Bligh","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2009.7.612","article-title":"Group-specific primary production based on stable-isotope labeling of phospholipid-derived fatty acids","volume":"7","author":"Dijkman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr-Methods"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.16.6.1073-1079.1982","article-title":"Determination of cellular fatty acid compositions of various yeasts by gas-liquid chromatography","volume":"16","author":"Moss","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-7562(09)80404-8","article-title":"Combining sterol and fatty acid profiles for the characterization of fungi","volume":"98","author":"Kantola","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jongman, R.H.G., Braak, C.J.F.T., and Tongeren, O.F.R.V. (1995). Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525575"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/19\/5\/5570\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:52Z","timestamp":1760217052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/19\/5\/5570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules19055570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules19055570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]]}}}