{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:49:45Z","timestamp":1775476185748,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/100928\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/100928\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/72070\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/72070\/2010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grape and wine production and quality is extremely dependent on the fruit ripening process. Sensory and nutritional characteristics are important aspects for consumers and their development during fruit ripening involves complex hormonal control. In this review, we explored data already published on grape ripening and compared it with the hormonal regulation of ripening of other climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. The roles of abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids as promoters of ripening are discussed, as well as the role of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, jasmonates, and polyamines as inhibitors of ripening. In particular, the recently described role of polyamine catabolism in grape ripening is discussed, together with its putative interaction with other hormones. Furthermore, other recent examples of cross-talk among the different hormones are presented, revealing a complex interplay of signals during grape development and ripening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20059326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T10:30:59Z","timestamp":1432204259000},"page":"9326-9343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Complex Interplay of Hormonal Signals during Grape  Berry Ripening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Fortes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande,  1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica (ITQB), Biotecnologia de C\u00e9lulas Vegetais,  Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2781-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande,  1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Agudelo-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande,  1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-009-9158-0","article-title":"Metabolic constituents of grapevine and grape-derived products","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2000.tb00171.x","article-title":"Dynamics of grape berry growth and physiology of ripening","volume":"6","author":"Coombe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00086.x","article-title":"Growth Stages of the Grapevine: Adoption of a system for identifying grapevine growth stages","volume":"1","author":"Coombe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biochemical changes throughout grape berry development and fruit and wine quality","volume":"1","author":"Conde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2009.60.1.1","article-title":"New Zealand Sauvignon blanc distinct flavor characteristics: Sensory, chemical, and consumer aspects","volume":"60","author":"Lund","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amer. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru277","article-title":"Role of plant hormones and their interplay in development and ripening of fleshy fruits","volume":"65","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.06.026","article-title":"Ethylene seems required for the berry development and ripening in grape, a non-climacteric fruit","volume":"167","author":"Chervin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert395","article-title":"Berry ripening: recently heard through the grapevine","volume":"65","author":"Kuhn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2013.02.024","article-title":"Study of polyamines during grape ripening indicate an important role of polyamine catabolism","volume":"67","author":"Bortolloti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roubelakis-Angelakis, K.A. (2009). Grapevine Molecular Physiology & Biotechnology, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2305-6"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00079","article-title":"A dynamic interplay between phytohormones is required for fruit development, maturation, and ripening","volume":"4","author":"McAtee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-429","article-title":"Transcriptomic and metabolite analyses of Cabernet Sauvignon grape berry development","volume":"8","author":"Deluc","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-428","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of grapevine berry ripening reveals a set of genes similarly modulated during three seasons and the occurrence of an oxidative burst at veraison","volume":"8","author":"Pilati","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-378","article-title":"Proteome changes in the skin of the grape cultivar Barbera among different stages of ripening","volume":"9","author":"Negri","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.160275","article-title":"Identification of putative stage-specific grapevine berry biomarkers and omics data integration into networks","volume":"154","author":"Zamboni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq434","article-title":"A DIGE-based quantitative proteomic analysis of grape berry flesh development and ripening reveals key events in sugar and organic acid metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Lijavetzky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-11-149","article-title":"Transcript and metabolite analysis in Trincadeira cultivar reveals novel information regarding the dynamics of grape ripening","volume":"11","author":"Fortes","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060422","article-title":"Search for transcriptional and metabolic markers of grape pre-ripening and ripening and insights into specific aroma development in three Portuguese cultivars","volume":"8","author":"Erban","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-691","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis at four developmental stages of grape berry (Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz) provides insights into regulated and coordinated gene expression","volume":"13","author":"Sweetman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.05.017","article-title":"Application of abscisic acid (ABA) at veraison advanced red color development and maintained postharvest quality of \u2018Crimson Seedless\u2019 grapes","volume":"46","author":"Fidelibus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2008.00045.x","article-title":"The relationship between the expression of abscisic acid biosynthesis genes, accumulation of abscisic acid and the promotion of Vitis vinifera L. berry ripening by abscisic acid","volume":"15","author":"Wheeler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg083","article-title":"Characterization of Pinalate, a novel Citrus sinensis mutant with a fruit-specific alteration that results in yellow pigmentation and decreased ABA content","volume":"54","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq079","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of the effects of ABA treatments on ripening Vitis vinifera berries","volume":"61","author":"Giribaldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2005.00552.x","article-title":"Abscisic acid activates acid invertases in developing grape berry","volume":"125","author":"Pan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp026","article-title":"The role of ABA in triggering ethylene biosynthesis and ripening of tomato fruit","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2012.12.015","article-title":"The role of abscisic acid in regulating cucumber fruit development and ripening and its transcriptional regulation","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-009-9115-6","article-title":"Involvement of abscisic acid in controlling the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway in grape skin: New elements regarding the regulation of tannin composition and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) activities and expression","volume":"29","author":"Lacampagne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru204","article-title":"The role of abscisic acid in fruit ripening and responses to abiotic stress","volume":"65","author":"Leng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru329","article-title":"A comparative study of ripening among berries of the grape cluster reveals an altered transcriptional programme and enhanced ripening rate in delayed berries.","volume":"65","author":"Gouthu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2009.60.3.277","article-title":"Profiles of abscisic acid and its catabolites in developing Merlot grape (Vitis vinifera) berries","volume":"60","author":"Owen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.177311","article-title":"Abscisic acid plays an important role in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening","volume":"157","author":"Jia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.146381","article-title":"The nuclear interactor PYL8\/RCAR3 of Fagus sylvatica FsPP2C1 is a positive regulator of abscisic acid signaling in seeds and stress","volume":"152","author":"Saavedra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2010.11.014","article-title":"Structural insights into PYR\/PYL\/RCAR ABA receptors and PP2Cs","volume":"182","author":"Santiago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-014-0188-4","article-title":"Metabolite and transcript profiling of berry skin during fruit development elucidates differential regulation between Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz cultivars at branching points in the polyphenol pathway","volume":"14","author":"Degu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.105.070706","article-title":"Grapes on steroids. Brassinosteroids are involved in grape berry ripening","volume":"140","author":"Symons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"196","article-title":"Brassinosteroids regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in the ripening of grape berries","volume":"34","author":"Luan","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-012-9747-6","article-title":"Brassinosteroid is involved in strawberry fruit ripening","volume":"69","author":"Chai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01403","article-title":"BRL1 and BRL3 are novel brassinosteroid receptors that function in vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis","volume":"131","author":"Yin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12121","article-title":"Ectopic expression of a BZR1\u20131D transcription factor in brassinosteroid signalling enhances carotenoid accumulation and fruit quality attributes in tomato","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-275","article-title":"Gene expression in developing watermelon fruit","volume":"9","author":"Wechter","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2003.00165.x","article-title":"Exogenous ethylene stimulates the long-term expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries","volume":"119","author":"Christian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-10-257","article-title":"Reciprocity between abscisic acid and ethylene at the onset of berry ripening and after harvest","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2003.11.011","article-title":"The ethylene signaling pathway: New insights","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-009-0136-9","article-title":"Non-climacteric fruit ripening in pepper: Increased transcription of EIL-like genes normally regulated by ethylene","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-014-0370-8","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of the late stages of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) berry ripening reveals significant induction of ethylene signaling and flavor pathways in the skin","volume":"14","author":"Cramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.132241","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and ethylene: signaling, biosynthesis, or both?","volume":"149","author":"Hahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.128.3.0316","article-title":"Growth and developmental responses of seeded and seedless grape berries to shoot girdling","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq174","article-title":"Sequestration of auxin by the indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3\u20131 in grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.) and the proposed role of auxin conjugation during ripening","volume":"61","author":"Keyzers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.115.3.1155","article-title":"Treatment of grape berries, a nonclimacteric fruit with a synthetic auxin, retards ripening and alters the expression of developmentally regulated genes","volume":"115","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err134","article-title":"Acyl substrate preferences of an IAA-amido synthetase account for variations in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ripening caused by different auxinic compounds indicating the importance of auxin conjugation in plant development","volume":"62","author":"Boss","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-12-185","article-title":"Grape berry ripening delay induced by a pre-v\u00e9raison NAA treatment is paralleled by a shift in the expression pattern of auxin-and ethylene-related genes","volume":"12","author":"Ziliotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mci083","article-title":"Auxin: regulation, action, and interaction","volume":"95","author":"Woodward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-015-0440-6","article-title":"Timing of ripening initiation in grape berries and its relationship to seed content and pericarp auxin levels","volume":"15","author":"Gouthu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nath, P., Bouzayen, M., Pech, J.C., and Mattoo, A.K. (2014). Fruit Ripening: Physiology, Signalling and Genomics, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845939625.0000"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.43.1.173","article-title":"Effects of forchlorfenuron and abscisic acid on the quality of \u201cFlame Seedless\u201d grapes","volume":"43","author":"Peppi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hortscience"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2014.13139","article-title":"Girdling, gibberellic acid, and forchlofenuron: Effects on yield, quality, and metabolic profile of table grape cv. Italia","volume":"65","author":"Ferrara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2014.13095","article-title":"The effect of the cytokinin forchlorfenuron on the tannin content of Thompson seedless table grapes","volume":"65","author":"Maoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134802","article-title":"Perception and signal transduction of cytokinins","volume":"54","author":"Kakimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert251","article-title":"Gibberellin metabolism in Vitis vinifera L. during bloom and fruit-set: functional characterization and evolution of grapevine gibberellin oxidases","volume":"64","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9608940","article-title":"Methyl jasmonates in developing strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch. Cv. Kent)","volume":"45","author":"Gansser","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(01)00271-0","article-title":"Changes of jasmonates in grape berries and their possible roles in fruit development","volume":"91","author":"Kondo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109777","article-title":"Dissecting the Transcriptional Response to Elicitors in Vitis vinifera Cells","volume":"9","author":"Almagro","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2013.06.008","article-title":"Methyl jasmonate treatment induces changes in fruit ripening by modifying the expression of several ripening genes in Fragaria chiloensis fruit","volume":"70","author":"Concha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2014.06.004","article-title":"Expression of a functional jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase is negatively correlated with strawberry fruit development","volume":"171","author":"Augustin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06006","article-title":"The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling","volume":"448","author":"Chini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2001.1130107.x","article-title":"Involvement of polyamines in the control of fruitlet physiological abscission in grapevine (Vitis vinifera)","volume":"113","author":"Aziz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(99)00064-3","article-title":"Endogenous polyamines in the pericarp and seed of the grape berry during development and ripening","volume":"83","author":"Shiozaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2013.11.002","article-title":"Perturbation of polyamine catabolism affects grape ripening of Vitis vinifera cv. Trincadeira","volume":"74","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1988.tb00586.x","article-title":"Endogenous polyamines in apple and their relationship to fruit set and fruit growth","volume":"73","author":"Biasi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.87.2.463","article-title":"Interrelationship of polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis during avocado fruit development and ripening","volume":"87","author":"Kushad","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.123.6.950","article-title":"Changes in polyamine levels in relationship to the double-sigmoidal growth curve of peaches","volume":"123","author":"Kushad","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.12.046","article-title":"Study of polyamines and their precursor amino acids in Grenache noir and Syrah grapes and wine of the Rhone Valley","volume":"105","author":"Bauza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.08.015","article-title":"Monitoring biochemical changes during grape berry development in Portuguese cultivars by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"124","author":"Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agudelo-Romero, P., Erban, A., Rego, C., Carbonell-Bejerano, P., Nascimento, T., Sousa, L., Mart\u00ednez-Zapater, J.M., Kopka, J., and Fortes, A.M. (2015). Transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in Vitis vinifera cv. Trincadeira berries upon infection with Botrytis cinerea. J. Exp. Bot.","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru517"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.084400","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolite profiling of transgenic tomato fruit engineered to accumulate spermidine and spermine reveals enhanced anabolic and nitrogen-carbon interactions","volume":"142","author":"Mattoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"129","article-title":"Ethylene signalling receptors and transcription factors over the grape berry development: Gene expression profiling","volume":"49","author":"Chervin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vitis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s003440000011","article-title":"Effect of abscisic acid on banana fruit ripening in relation to the role of ethylene","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-13-222","article-title":"Interactions between ethylene and auxin are crucial to the control of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ripening","volume":"13","author":"Burbidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2014.09.010","article-title":"RNA sequencing reveals high resolution expression change of major plant hormone pathway genes after young seedless grape berries treated with gibberellin","volume":"229","author":"Chai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.122945","article-title":"Putrescine is involved in Arabidopsis freezing tolerance and cold acclimation by regulating abscisic acid levels in response to low temperature","volume":"148","author":"Cuevas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03748.x","article-title":"Characterization of the ABA-regulated global responses to dehydration in Arabidopsis by metabolomics","volume":"57","author":"Urano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant J."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/20\/5\/9326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:46:41Z","timestamp":1760215601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/20\/5\/9326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules20059326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules20059326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]}}}