{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:29:47Z","timestamp":1771950587819,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most widely studied mushroom species, particularly in what concerns its medicinal properties. Previous studies (including those from some of us) have shown some evidence that the methanolic extract of G. lucidum affects cellular autophagy. However, it was not known if it induces autophagy or decreases the autophagic flux. The treatment of a gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) with the mushroom extract increased the formation of autophagosomes (vacuoles typical from autophagy). Moreover, the cellular levels of LC3-II were also increased, and the cellular levels of p62 decreased, confirming that the extract affects cellular autophagy. Treating the cells with the extract together with lysossomal protease inhibitors, the cellular levels of LC3-II and p62 increased. The results obtained proved that, in AGS cells, the methanolic extract of G. lucidum causes an induction of autophagy, rather than a reduction in the autophagic flux. To our knowledge, this is the first study proving that statement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201017872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T11:05:55Z","timestamp":1443524755000},"page":"17872-17882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Methanolic Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Induces Autophagy of AGS Human Gastric Tumor Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4099-002, Portugal"},{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, Porto 4200-135, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda II, Facultad de Farmacia,  Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Pza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, s\/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Mountain Research Center (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Apartado 1172,  Bragan\u00e7a 5301-855, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4099-002, Portugal"},{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, Porto 4200-135, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto,  Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda II, Facultad de Farmacia,  Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Pza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, s\/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Center (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Apartado 1172,  Bragan\u00e7a 5301-855, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4099-002, Portugal"},{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, Porto 4200-135, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy,  University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.\u00b0 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-009-9895-1","article-title":"Programmed cell death pathways and current antitumor targets","volume":"26","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm. 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