{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:37:50Z","timestamp":1768466270841,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addresses the effects of gamma irradiation (1, 5 and 8 kGy) on color, organic acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.). Organic acids were analyzed by ultra fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector. Total phenolics and flavonoids were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the DPPH\u2022 scavenging activity, reducing power, \u03b2-carotene bleaching inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation inhibition. Analyses were performed in the non-irradiated and irradiated plant material, as well as in decoctions obtained from the same samples. The total amounts of organic acids and phenolics recorded in decocted extracts were always higher than those found in the plant material or hydromethanolic extracts, respectively. The DPPH\u2022 scavenging activity and reducing power were also higher in decocted extracts. The assayed irradiation doses affected differently the organic acids profile. The levels of total phenolics and flavonoids were lower in the hydromethanolic extracts prepared from samples irradiated at 1 kGy (dose that induced color changes) and in decocted extracts prepared from those irradiated at 8 kGy. The last samples also showed a lower antioxidant activity. In turn, irradiation at 5 kGy favored the amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of irradiation in indicators of dwarf mallow quality, and highlighted the decoctions for its antioxidant properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21040467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T21:02:38Z","timestamp":1460149358000},"page":"467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quality Control of Gamma Irradiated Dwarf Mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) Based on Color, Organic Acids, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Amilcar","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.136","article-title":"Sensory profile, soluble sugars, organic acids, and mineral content in milk- and soy-juice based beverages","volume":"173","author":"Tenorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011286+","article-title":"Study of the organic acids composition of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit and jam","volume":"50","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104527e","article-title":"Analysis of organic acids in fruit juices by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: An enhanced tool for authenticity testing","volume":"59","author":"Ehling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.080","article-title":"Characteristics of organic acids in the fruit of different pumpkin species","volume":"148","author":"Biesiada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2014.05.003","article-title":"Gamma irradiation of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit as a post-harvest technique and its subsequent effect on some phytochemicals, free scavenging activity and physicochemical properties","volume":"102","author":"Darfour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.109","article-title":"Gamma irradiation of air-dried olive leaves: Effective decontamination and impact on the antioxidative properties and on phenolic compounds","volume":"127","author":"Aouidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"WHO (1999). High-Dose Irradiation: Wholesomeness of Food Irradiated with Doses above 10 kGy, Report of a Joint FAO\/IAEA\/WHO Study Group. WHO technical Report Series 890, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.04.136","article-title":"Effect of gamma and electron beam irradiation on the physico-chemical and nutritional properties of mushrooms: A review","volume":"135","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14756","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA14944K","article-title":"Combined effects of gamma-irradiation and preparation method on antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of Tuberaria lignosa","volume":"5","author":"Pinela","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.007","article-title":"Infusion and decoction of wild German chamomile: Bioactivity and characterization of organic acids and phenolic compounds","volume":"136","author":"Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2012.03.001","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and phenolic constituents of Malva neglecta Wallr. and Plantago lanceolata L. from Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey","volume":"2","author":"Dalar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.06.094","article-title":"Decoction, infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of cultivated thyme: Antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and phenolic characterisation","volume":"167","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.09.021","article-title":"A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: Natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives","volume":"51","author":"Carocho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Finglas, P.M., and Toldr&#xE1, F. (2016). Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2009.02.003","article-title":"Effects of radiation processing on phytochemicals and antioxidants in plant produce","volume":"20","author":"Alothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2013.02.010","article-title":"Selected chemical and physico-chemical properties of microwave-convective dried herb","volume":"91","author":"Nowacka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.09.056","article-title":"Influence of process control strategies on drying kinetics, colour and shrinkage of air dried apples","volume":"62","author":"Sturm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(02)00273-6","article-title":"Irradiation application of color removal and purification of green tea leave extract","volume":"66","author":"Jo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Pardo de Santayana, M., Pieroni, A., and Puri, R. (2013). Ethnobotany in the New Europe: People, Health and Wild Plant Resources, Berghahn Books."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.09.015","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties and phenolic composition of M. neglecta Wallr. (Malvaceae) fruit: A traditional medicinal fruit from Eastern Anatolia","volume":"51","author":"Dalar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crop Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(10)60085-5","article-title":"A survey on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Alcea rosea L. and Malva neglecta Wallr as antibacterial agents","volume":"3","author":"Seyyednejad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.015","article-title":"Anti-ulcerogenic activity of some plants used in folk medicine of Pinarbasi (Kayseri, Turkey)","volume":"101","author":"Ozkan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Chen, X.D., and Mujumdar, A.S. (2008). Drying Technologies in Food Processing, Blackwell Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.01.002","article-title":"Combined effects of gamma-irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging on quality of some spices","volume":"154","author":"Kirkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9883-x","article-title":"Analytical methods applied to assess the effects of gamma irradiation on color, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba L.","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Anal. Method"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.06.012","article-title":"Evaluation of six drying treatments with respect to essential oil yield, composition and color characteristics of Thymys daenensis subsp. daenensis. Celak leaves","volume":"42","author":"Rahimmalek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612011000200030","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidants stability by thermal analysis and its protective effect in heated edible vegetable oil","volume":"31","author":"Reda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ci\u00ean. Tecnol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-012-9548-6","article-title":"Use of UFLC-PDA for the analysis of organic acids in thirty five species of food and medicinal plants","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Anal. Method"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(98)00101-0","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of oxalic, fumaric, maleic and succinic acids in tartaric and malic acids for pharmaceutical use by ion-suppression reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"19","author":"Lian","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.09.023","article-title":"Oxalic acid excretion after intravenous ascorbic acid administration","volume":"58","author":"Robitaille","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2007.11.006","article-title":"Microbial production of organic acids: Expanding the markets","volume":"26","author":"Sauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12065","article-title":"Adding molecules to food, pros and cons: A review on synthetic and natural food additives","volume":"13","author":"Carocho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. F"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.08.035","article-title":"Simultaneous separation and determination of five organic acids in beverages and fruits by capillary electrophoresis using diamino moiety functionalized silica nanoparticles as pseudostationary phase","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.07.011","article-title":"Quantification of fumaric acid in liver, spleen and unrine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode-array detection","volume":"56","author":"Baati","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2008.02.009","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of malic acid against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple, pear and melon juices","volume":"20","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.07.018","article-title":"Chemical composition of wild and commercial Achillea millefolium L. and bioactivity of the methanolic extract, infusion and decoction","volume":"141","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040057v","article-title":"Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and jam: Antioxidant activity","volume":"52","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.09.035","article-title":"Differences in chemical composition of field pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars: Effects of cultivation area and year","volume":"103","author":"Nikolopoulou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2014.05.010","article-title":"Effects of gamma radiation on chemical and antioxidant properties, anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity and hepatotoxicity of borututu","volume":"26","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci.Emerg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.04.039","article-title":"Gamma irradiation improves the extractability of phenolic compounds in Ginkgo biloba L.","volume":"74","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.06.034","article-title":"Effect of gamma irradiation on total phenolic content yield and antioxidant capacity of Almond skin extracts","volume":"102","author":"Harrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Carvalho, A.M. (2010). Plantas y Sabidur\u00eda Popular del Parque. Natural de Montesinho Un estudio etnobot\u00e1nico en Portugal, Biblioteca de Ciencias no. 35. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-012-0931-5","article-title":"Effects of gamma irradiation on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Lactarius deliciosus L. wild edible mushroom","volume":"6","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"ISO\/CIE 11664-6:2014(E) (2014). Joint ISO\/CIE Standard: Colorimetry\u2014Part. 6: CIEDE2000 Colour-Difference Formula, International Organization for Standardization (ISO)\/Commission Internationale de l\u2019\u00c9clairage (CIE)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00110B","article-title":"Metabolic and biological profile of autochthonous Vitis vinifera L. ecotypes","volume":"6","author":"Impei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.05.012","article-title":"Nutritional composition and bioactive properties of commonly consumed wild greens: Potential sources for new trends in modern diets","volume":"44","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"178","article-title":"Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.016","article-title":"Strawberry-tree, blackthorn and rose fruits: Detailed characterisation in nutrients and phytochemicals with antioxidant properties","volume":"120","author":"Barros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/21\/4\/467\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:21:58Z","timestamp":1760210518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/21\/4\/467"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules21040467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules21040467","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]}}}