{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:33:03Z","timestamp":1768829583583,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BEX 3409\/15-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEX 3409\/15-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial resistance is an emerging public health issue that is disseminated worldwide. Silver nanocomposite can be an alternative strategy to avoid Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growth, including multidrug-resistant strains. In the present study a silver nanocomposite was synthesized, using a new green chemistry process, by the addition of silver nitrate (1.10\u22123 mol\u00b7L\u22121) into a fermentative medium of Xanthomonas spp. to produce a xanthan gum polymer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the shape and size of the silver nanoparticles obtained. The silver ions in the nanocomposite were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The antibacterial activity of the nanomaterial against Escherichia coli (ATCC 22652), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29282), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was carried out using 500 mg of silver nanocomposite. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant strains, isolated from hospitalized patients were also included in the study. The biosynthesized silver nanocomposite showed spherical nanoparticles with sizes smaller than 10 nm; 1 g of nanocomposite contained 49.24 \u00b5g of silver. Multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, and the other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, were sensitive to the silver nanocomposite (10\u201312.9 mm of inhibition zone). The biosynthesized silver nanocomposite seems to be a promising antibacterial agent for different applications, namely biomedical devices or topical wound coatings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T10:21:45Z","timestamp":1474366905000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Silver Nanocomposite Biosynthesis: Antibacterial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5772-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klebson","family":"Silva Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, 49032-971 Aracaju, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemistry Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020 Bras\u00edlia, DF, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Andriele","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, 49032-971 Aracaju, SE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luiz","family":"Pereira da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, 49032-971 Aracaju, SE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Malone","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, 49032-971 Aracaju, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemistry Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Ferreira Padilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, 49032-971 Aracaju, SE, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2011.420","article-title":"Improved inactivation effect of bacteria: Fabrication of mesoporous anatase films with fine Ag nanoparticles prepared by coaxial vacuum Arc deposition","volume":"40","author":"Oveisi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.993381","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Impact on clinical and economic outcomes and the need for new antimicrobials","volume":"16","author":"Thabit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.050","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial persisters","volume":"157","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferri, M., Ranucci, E., Romagnoli, P., and Giaccone, V. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: A global emerging threat to public health systems. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1077192"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.03.001","article-title":"Emerging broad-spectrum resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii: Mechanisms and epidemiology","volume":"45","author":"Potron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05253.x","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: The powerful nanoweapon against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"112","author":"Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2015.1078854","article-title":"Repeated dose (28-day) administration of silver nanoparticles of varied size and coating does not significantly alter the indigenous murine gut microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Wilding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Theivasanthi, T., and Alagar, M. Anti-Bacterial Studies of Silver Nanoparticles. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/ftp\/arxiv\/papers\/1101\/1101.0348.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9381-6","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2174\/157341310791659026","article-title":"Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles by opuntia ficus-indica: In vitro antibacterial activity and study of the mechanism involved in the synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Gade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"149","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of colloidal silver nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method","volume":"6","author":"Lkhagvajav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4268-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial and mosquitocidal activity of microbial synthesized silver nanoparticles","volume":"114","author":"Soni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4133-2","article-title":"Preparation of silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial activities and the researches of their biocompatibilities","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.10.032","article-title":"Green synthesis of xanthan conformation-based silver nanoparticles: Antibacterial and catalytic application","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-9750(00)00050-1","article-title":"Xanthan gum: Production, recovery, and properties","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.12.001","article-title":"Xanthan gum production and rheological behavior using different strains of xanthomonas sp.","volume":"77","author":"Rottava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"38","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of mucoadhesive microcapsules of gliclazide with natural gums","volume":"41","author":"Mankala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stamford J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"185","article-title":"Studies on almond gum based colon targeted tablets of secnidazole and its \u03b2-cyclodextrin complex to treat amoebiasis","volume":"2","author":"Sachin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2010.07.037","article-title":"One-step preparation of silver nanoparticles confined in functionalized-free sba-15 channels","volume":"160","author":"Maroneze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synth. Metals"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.03.035","article-title":"Production, recovery and applications of xanthan gum by xanthomonas campestris","volume":"106","author":"Palaniraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.050","article-title":"Ag0 nanoparticles containing cotton fabric: Synthesis, characterization, color data and antibacterial action","volume":"75","author":"Emam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5473-x","article-title":"Broad-spectrum bioactivities of silver nanoparticles: The emerging trends and future prospects","volume":"98","author":"Rai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA44507K","article-title":"Size-controlled silver nanoparticles synthesized over the range 5\u2013100 nm using the same protocol and their antibacterial efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Synthesis of nano-pore size Ag(i)-imprinted polymer for the extraction and preconcentration of silver ions followed by its determination with flame atomic absorption spectrometry and spectrophotometry using localized surface plasmon resonance peak of silver nanoparticles","volume":"26","author":"Dadfarnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201300748","article-title":"Gum arabic capped-silver nanoparticles inhibit biofilm formation by multi-drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"54","author":"Ansari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8859","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20058856","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as potential antibacterial agents","volume":"20","author":"Franci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-12-2","article-title":"Antibiofilm properties of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"12","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.03.017","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of mimusops elengi, linn. For enhanced antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant clinical isolates","volume":"108","author":"Prakash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.09.002","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials","volume":"27","author":"Rai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7439.1000192","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles from tinospora cordifolia against multi drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2014.07.014","article-title":"The activity of silver nanoparticles (axonnite) on clinical and environmental strains of Acinetobacter spp.","volume":"41","author":"Klimek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7439.1000246","article-title":"Anti-bacterial activity of polyvinyl pyrrolidone capped silver nanoparticles on the carbapenem resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Tiwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.03.014","article-title":"Chemical and biological metal nanoparticles as antimycobacterial agents: A comparative study","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.11.002","article-title":"Nanoparticles and the control of oral infections","volume":"43","author":"Allaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.09.007","article-title":"Action of silver nanoparticles towards biological systems: Cytotoxicity evaluation using hen\u2019s egg test and inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation","volume":"45","author":"Freire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.02.009","article-title":"Nanocarriers for antibiotics: A promising solution to treat intracellular bacterial infections","volume":"43","author":"Abed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"135","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of nanoparticulate metal oxides against peri-implantitis pathogens","volume":"40","author":"Memarzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.05.009","article-title":"Raloxifene attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin production and virulence","volume":"40","author":"Lo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.010","article-title":"Successful treatment of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventriculitis and meningitis with intraventricular colistin after application of a loading dose: A case series","volume":"41","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/21\/9\/1255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:31:17Z","timestamp":1760211077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/21\/9\/1255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules21091255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules21091255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]}}}