{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T23:13:04Z","timestamp":1774653184611,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]],"date-time":"2017-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wine, and particularly red wine, is a beverage with a great chemical complexity that is in continuous evolution. Chemically, wine is a hydroalcoholic solution (~78% water) that comprises a wide variety of chemical components, including aldehydes, esters, ketones, lipids, minerals, organic acids, phenolics, soluble proteins, sugars and vitamins. Flavonoids constitute a major group of polyphenolic compounds which are directly associated with the organoleptic and health-promoting properties of red wine. However, due to the insufficient epidemiological and in vivo evidences on this subject, the presence of a high number of variables such as human age, metabolism, the presence of alcohol, the complex wine chemistry, and the wide array of in vivo biological effects of these compounds suggest that only cautious conclusions may be drawn from studies focusing on the direct effect of wine and any specific health issue. Nevertheless, there are several reports on the health protective properties of wine phenolics for several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, some cancers, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, allergies and osteoporosis. The different interactions that wine flavonoids may have with key biological targets are crucial for some of these health-promoting effects. The interaction between some wine flavonoids and some specific enzymes are one example. The way wine flavonoids may be absorbed and metabolized could interfere with their bioavailability and therefore in their health-promoting effect. Hence, some reports have focused on flavonoids absorption, metabolism, microbiota effect and overall on flavonoids bioavailability. This review summarizes some of these major issues which are directly related to the potential health-promoting effects of wine flavonoids. Reports related to flavonoids and health highlight some relevant scientific information. However, there is still a gap between the knowledge of wine flavonoids bioavailability and their health-promoting effects. More in vivo results as well as studies focused on flavonoid metabolites are still required. Moreover, it is also necessary to better understand how biological interactions (with microbiota and cells, enzymes or general biological systems) could interfere with flavonoid bioavailability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Wine Flavonoids in Health and Disease Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"P\u00e9rez-Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"De Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91277-F","article-title":"Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the french paradox for coronary heart disease","volume":"339","author":"Renaud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.20.1.561","article-title":"The health benefits of wine","volume":"20","author":"German","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"173","article-title":"Overview of epidemiological studies on wine, health and mortality","volume":"29","author":"Ruf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"33","article-title":"Wine and health relationships: A question of moderation?","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia e T\u00e9cnica Vitivin\u00edcola"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2015.08.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and benefits from antioxidant dietary intervention with red wine in asymptomatic hypercholesterolemics","volume":"10","author":"Apostolidou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn340","article-title":"Differential effects of red and white wines on inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor: Impact of the mash fermentation","volume":"81","author":"Sparwel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, H.D., and Kim, J. (2013). Dietary flavonoid intake and smoking-related cancer risk: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075604"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.142","article-title":"Identification of Vitis vinifera L. Grape berry skin color mutants and polyphenolic profile","volume":"194","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.059","article-title":"Changes in polyphenol profiles and color composition of freshly fermented model wine due to pulsed electric field, enzymes and thermovinification pretreatments","volume":"194","author":"Turk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.040","article-title":"Influence of harvesting technique and maceration process on aroma and phenolic attributes of sauvignon blanc wine","volume":"183","author":"Olejar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.06.018","article-title":"Effect of pecan phenolics on the release of nitric oxide from murine raw 264.7 macrophage cells","volume":"212","author":"Robbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3606","article-title":"Baicalein induces apoptosis via ros-dependent activation of caspases in human bladder cancer 5637 cells","volume":"49","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cecchini, F., Moretti, S., Giannini, B., and Carbone, K. (2013). Cultivars: Chemical Properties, Antioxidant Activities and Health Benefits, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-015-0203-9","article-title":"Leaf extract of cracker plant (ruellia tuberosa linn) induces metal chelating activity and DNA strands break: Implications for its antioxidant-prooxidant property","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.14485","article-title":"An association map on the effect of flavonoids on the signaling pathways in colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Koosha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgn070","article-title":"Delphinidin, a dietary anthocyanidin, inhibits platelet-derived growth factor ligand\/receptor (PDGF\/PDGFR) signaling","volume":"29","author":"Lamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.033","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of methylated metabolites of anthocyanins","volume":"141","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"13","article-title":"Basic anthocyanin chemistry and dietary sources","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anthocyanins in Health and Disease"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3130","article-title":"Cyanidin induces apoptosis and differentiation in prostate cancer cells","volume":"47","author":"Sorrenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16022352","article-title":"Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin rich extracts from blueberry and blackcurrant juice","volume":"16","author":"Diaconeasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bognar, E., Sarszegi, Z., Szabo, A., Debreceni, B., Kalman, N., Tucsek, Z., Sumegi, B., and Gallyas, F. (2013). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in raw264.7 macrophages of malvidin, a major red wine polyphenol. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065355"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1139\/y03-038","article-title":"Bioavailability of anthocyanidin-3-glucosides following consumption of red wine and red grape juice","volume":"81","author":"Frank","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.230S","article-title":"Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies","volume":"81","author":"Manach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8461","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00468a015","article-title":"Chemistry of anthocyanin pigments. 2. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of proton transfer, hydration, and tautomeric reactions of malvidin 3-glucoside","volume":"99","author":"Brouillard","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3407","article-title":"Protein interactions with cyanidin-3-glucoside and its influence on \u03b1-amylase activity","volume":"89","author":"Wiese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001251u","article-title":"\u0391-glucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 1. Survey of natural pigments with potent inhibitory activity","volume":"49","author":"Matsui","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.1.48","article-title":"Flavonoid glucosides are hydrolyzed and thus activated in the oral cavity in humans","volume":"135","author":"Walle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0040","article-title":"Effects of human oral mucosal tissue, saliva and oral microflora on intraoral metabolism and bioactivation of black raspberry anthocyanins","volume":"4","author":"Mallery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.1021\/jf405180k","article-title":"Anthocyanin structure determines susceptibility to microbial degradation and bioavailability to the buccal mucosa","volume":"62","author":"Kamonpatana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(01)00383-9","article-title":"Bioavailablility of elderberry anthocyanins","volume":"123","author":"Milbury","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.910","article-title":"Detection of anthocyanins from elderberry juice in human urine","volume":"81","author":"Murkovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.4.574","article-title":"Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract","volume":"45","author":"Cao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00407-X","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of cyanidin 3-O-\u03b2-d-glucoside in rats","volume":"449","author":"Tsuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00504-0","article-title":"The stomach as a site for anthocyanins absorption from food","volume":"544","author":"Passamonti","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo10295a","article-title":"A new approach on the gastric absorption of anthocyanins","volume":"3","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7685","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b00412","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical data on the mechanism by which red wine anthocyanins are transported through human MKN-28 gastric cell model","volume":"63","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940170011","article-title":"Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice","volume":"40","author":"Bub","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"293","article-title":"Bioavailability and biokinetics of anthocyanins from red grape juice and red wine","volume":"2004","author":"Bitsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2008.05.011","article-title":"Red wine anthocyanins are rapidly absorbed in humans and affect monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels and antioxidant capacity of plasma","volume":"20","author":"Minihane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000161","article-title":"Uptake and bioavailability of anthocyanins and phenolic acids from grape\/blueberry juice and smoothie in vitro and in vivo","volume":"113","author":"Kuntz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600143","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of blackberry anthocyanins consumed with or without ethanol: A randomized and crossover trial","volume":"60","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1021\/jp511537e","article-title":"Characterization of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of cyanidin-3-glucoside methyl and glucuronyl metabolite conjugates","volume":"119","author":"Cruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2013.03.100","article-title":"First chemical synthesis report of an anthocyanin metabolite with in vivo occurrence: Cyanidin-4\u2019-O-methyl-3-glucoside","volume":"54","author":"Cruz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802844p","article-title":"Enzymatic hemisynthesis of metabolites and conjugates of anthocyanins","volume":"57","author":"Fernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, L., Fernandes, I., \u00c9vora, A., Freitas, V.d., and Mateus, N. (2016). Synthesis of the main red wine anthocyanin metabolite: Malvidin-3-O-\u03b2-glucuronide. Synlett.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1588673"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.049247","article-title":"Human metabolism and elimination of the anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside: A 13c-tracer study","volume":"97","author":"Czank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.223S","article-title":"Polyphenols in foods are more complex than often thought","volume":"81","author":"Cheynier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2013.09.009","article-title":"Previous and recent advances in pyranoanthocyanins equilibria in aqueous solution","volume":"100","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dyes Pigm."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Faria, A., Pestana, D., Monteiro, R., Teixeira, D., Azevedo, J., Freitas, V.d., Mateus, N., and Calhau, C. (2009, January 7\u201310). Bioavailability of Anthocyanin-Pyruvic acid Adducts in Rat. Proceedings of the International Conference on Polyphenols and Health, Yorkshire, Leeds."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.05.037","article-title":"On the bioavailability of flavanols and anthocyanins: Flavanol-anthocyanin dimers","volume":"135","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500100","article-title":"Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies on the free radical scavenging activity of wine anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins","volume":"49","author":"Rimbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7002","DOI":"10.1021\/jf404735j","article-title":"Antioxidant features of red wine pyranoanthocyanins: Experimental and theoretical approaches","volume":"62","author":"Azevedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3213","article-title":"Blueberry anthocyanins and pyruvic acid adducts: Anticancer properties in breast cancer cell lines","volume":"24","author":"Faria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-015-9415-3","article-title":"Multiple-approach studies to assess anthocyanin bioavailability","volume":"14","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12664","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13403F","article-title":"Interaction between red wine procyanidins and salivary proteins: Effect of stomach digestion on the resulting complexes","volume":"5","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.103","article-title":"(+)-catechin in human plasma after ingestion of a single serving of reconstituted red wine","volume":"71","author":"Bell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1021\/mp700075m","article-title":"Biotransformation of green tea polyphenols and the biological activities of those metabolites","volume":"4","author":"Lambert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.2008008","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of conjugated epicatechin metabolites on peroxynitrite-mediated nitrotyrosine formation","volume":"42","author":"Natsume","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60441a","article-title":"Anti-proliferative effects of quercetin and catechin metabolites","volume":"5","author":"Delgado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1089\/152308601317203558","article-title":"Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: Gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Spencer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1021\/ol3016463","article-title":"Epicatechin b-ring conjugates: First enantioselective synthesis and evidence for their occurrence in human biological fluids","volume":"14","author":"Viton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1039\/C0FO00100G","article-title":"Insights into the putative catechin and epicatechin transport across blood-brain barrier","volume":"2","author":"Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.08.004","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of proanthocyanidins","volume":"7","author":"Ou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1089\/152308601317203503","article-title":"Transport of proanthocyanidin dimer, trimer, and polymer across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial caco-2 cells","volume":"3","author":"Deprez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.06.092","article-title":"Depolymerisation optimisation of cranberry procyanidins and transport of resultant oligomers on monolayers of human intestinal epithelial caco-2 cells","volume":"167","author":"Ou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2749","article-title":"Decomposition of cocoa procyanidins in the gastric milieu","volume":"272","author":"Spencer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992741","article-title":"Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"103","author":"Serra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052260b","article-title":"Apple procyanidin oligomers absorption in rats after oral administration: Analysis of procyanidins in plasma using the porter method and high-performance liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Shoji","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100471","article-title":"Urinary excretion and metabolism of procyanidins in pigs","volume":"56","author":"Rzeppa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.03.005","article-title":"Determination of procyanidins and their metabolites in plasma samples by improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"877","author":"Serra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.028340","article-title":"Intake of dietary procyanidins does not contribute to the pool of circulating flavanols in humans","volume":"95","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-011-0614-3","article-title":"Glucuronidation and methylation of procyanidin dimers b2 and 3,3\u2033-di-O-galloyl-b2 and corresponding monomers epicatechin and 3-O-galloyl-epicatechin in mouse liver","volume":"29","author":"Shrestha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.4.798","article-title":"Procyanidin dimer b2 [epicatechin-(4\u03b2-8)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa","volume":"76","author":"Holt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.67.1140","article-title":"Procyanidin b1 is detected in human serum after intake of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract","volume":"67","author":"Sano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00871-7","article-title":"Absorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin b2 [epicatechin-(4\u03b2-8)-epicatechin] in rats","volume":"33","author":"Baba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300032","article-title":"Distribution of grape seed flavanols and their metabolites in pregnant rats and their fetuses","volume":"57","author":"Crescenti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0409-2","article-title":"Distribution of procyanidins and their metabolites in rat plasma and tissues in relation to ingestion of procyanidin-enriched or procyanidin-rich cocoa creams","volume":"52","author":"Serra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.1106","article-title":"Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans","volume":"76","author":"Rios","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900123","article-title":"A comparison of the in vitro biotransformation of (\u2212)-epicatechin and procyanidin b2 by human faecal microbiota","volume":"54","author":"Stoupi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.11.2733","article-title":"Polymeric proanthocyanidins are catabolized by human colonic microflora into low-molecular-weight phenolic acids","volume":"130","author":"Deprez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00394-0","article-title":"Metabolism of dietary procyanidins in rats","volume":"35","author":"Gonthier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1039\/c0fo00132e","article-title":"Insights into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of dietary flavan-3-ols and the bioactivity of their metabolites","volume":"1","author":"Monagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.09.015","article-title":"Stability of saliva microbiota during moderate consumption of red wine","volume":"60","author":"Barroso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3540493","article-title":"Epicatechin and its in vivo metabolite, 3\u2032-O-methyl epicatechin, protect human fibroblasts from oxidative-stress-induced cell death involving caspase-3 activation","volume":"354","author":"Spencer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00178-6","article-title":"Polyphenols: Do they play a role in the prevention of human pathologies?","volume":"56","author":"Tapiero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00877-8","article-title":"The metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols in humans","volume":"33","author":"Rechner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-008-9095-3","article-title":"Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon","volume":"7","author":"Aura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.513779","article-title":"Updated knowledge about polyphenols: Functions, bioavailability, metabolism, and health","volume":"52","author":"Landete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12815","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2028686","article-title":"Six-week consumption of a wild blueberry powder drink increases bifidobacteria in the human gut","volume":"59","author":"Vendrame","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00886G","article-title":"Red wine polyphenols modulate fecal microbiota and reduce markers of the metabolic syndrome in obese patients","volume":"7","author":"Isabel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1021\/jf400678d","article-title":"Comparative study of microbial-derived phenolic metabolites in human feces after intake of gin, red wine, and dealcoholized red wine","volume":"61","author":"Monagas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003946","article-title":"Colonic metabolites of berry polyphenols: The missing link to biological activity?","volume":"104","author":"Williamson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0502-2","article-title":"In vitro metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora","volume":"44","author":"Aura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690490911710","article-title":"Updated knowledge about the presence of phenolic compounds in wine","volume":"45","author":"Monagas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000355","article-title":"Anthocyanin-derived phenolic acids form glucuronides following simulated gastrointestinal digestion and microsomal glucuronidation","volume":"55","author":"Woodward","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500960g","article-title":"Faecal metabolomic fingerprint after moderate consumption of red wine by healthy subjects","volume":"14","author":"Cifuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2014.904763","article-title":"Red wine consumption is associated with fecal microbiota and malondialdehyde in a human population","volume":"34","author":"Cuervo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803059z","article-title":"Procyanidin dimers are metabolized by human microbiota with 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid and 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone as the major metabolites","volume":"57","author":"Appeldoorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.07.058","article-title":"Targeted metabolic profiling of phenolics in urine and plasma after regular consumption of cocoa by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1216","author":"Monagas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.4.912","article-title":"Chocolate intake increases urinary excretion of polyphenol-derived phenolic acids in healthy human subjects","volume":"77","author":"Rios","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005235","article-title":"Linking the gut microbiota to human health","volume":"109","author":"Guarner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12037","article-title":"In vitro fermentation of grape seed flavan-3-ol fractions by human faecal microbiota: Changes in microbial groups and phenolic metabolites","volume":"83","author":"Cueva","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507853384","article-title":"Flavanol monomer-induced changes to the human faecal microflora","volume":"99","author":"Tzounis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.027847","article-title":"Influence of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on the gut microbiota ecology and biochemical biomarkers","volume":"95","author":"Murri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b01122","article-title":"New anthocyanin-human salivary protein complexes","volume":"31","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2011.09.003","article-title":"Food components with anticaries activity","volume":"23","author":"Gazzani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.08.037","article-title":"Isolation of red wine components with anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm activity against streptococcus mutans","volume":"119","author":"Daglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070352q","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of red and white wine against oral streptococci","volume":"55","author":"Daglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abachi, S., Lee, S., and Rupasinghe, H. (2016). Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of streptococcus species by phytochemicals. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21020215"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1159\/000104791","article-title":"The antibacterial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against streptococcus mutans","volume":"41","author":"Smullen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10200","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0722405","article-title":"Chemical characterization of red wine grape (Vitis vinifera and vitis interspecific hybrids) and pomace phenolic extracts and their biological activity against streptococcus mutans","volume":"55","author":"Thimothe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, M., Chatelain, K., Farris, D., Jensen, D., Pickup, J., Swapp, A., O\u2019Malley, S., and Kingsley, K. (2007). Oral squamous cell carcinoma proliferative phenotype is modulated by proanthocyanidins: A potential prevention and treatment alternative for oral cancer. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-7-22"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.02.003","article-title":"Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review","volume":"37","author":"Petti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-160838","article-title":"The sphingosine kinase-1 survival pathway is a molecular target for the tumor-suppressive tea and wine polyphenols in prostate cancer","volume":"24","author":"Brizuela","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(00)00170-8","article-title":"Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse skin ornithine decarboxylase and protein kinase c by polyphenolics from grapes","volume":"127","author":"Bomser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.53.287","article-title":"Inhibitory activities of proanthocyanidins from persimmon against oxidative stress and digestive enzymes related to diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11901","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103026x","article-title":"Study of the interaction of pancreatic lipase with procyanidins by optical and enzymatic methods","volume":"58","author":"Mateus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2174\/187152012802650110","article-title":"Structures required of flavonoids for inhibiting digestive enzymes","volume":"12","author":"Hui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.12.099","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols decrease glucose uptake by human intestinal caco-2 cells","volume":"579","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.52.149","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase by flavonoids","volume":"52","author":"Tadera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-12-43","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols as potential nutraceuticals in management of diabetes: A review","volume":"12","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304876g","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b1-amylase and glucoamylase by tannins extracted from cocoa, pomegranates, cranberries, and grapes","volume":"61","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7596","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071490i","article-title":"Inhibition of trypsin by condensed tannins and wine","volume":"55","author":"Goncalves","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"283","article-title":"Comparison of anti-hyperglycemic activities between low- and high-degree of polymerization procyanidin fractions from cacao liquor extract","volume":"20","author":"Yamashita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3109\/09637480903455963","article-title":"Evaluation of \u03b1-glucosidase, \u03b1-amylase and protein glycation inhibitory activities of edible plants","volume":"61","author":"Adisakwattana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(03)00167-9","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of grape seed extract on lipases","volume":"19","author":"Moreno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070569k","article-title":"Oligomeric procyanidins in apple polyphenol are main active components for inhibition of pancreatic lipase and triglyceride absorption","volume":"55","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"2113","article-title":"Lipid-lowering mechanisms of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera L.) and its antihyperlidemic activity","volume":"4","author":"Adisakwattana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0603681","article-title":"Evaluation of the hypolipemic property of camellia sinensis var. Ptilophylla on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"54","author":"Kurihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"67","article-title":"In vitro polyphenol effects on activity, expression and secretion of pancreatic bile salt-dependent lipase","volume":"1736","author":"Sbarra","year":"2005","journal-title":"BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.136","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins correct dyslipidemia associated with a high-fat diet in rats and repress genes controlling lipogenesis and vldl assembling in liver","volume":"33","author":"Quesada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.75","article-title":"Low doses of grape seed procyanidins reduce adiposity and improve the plasma lipid profile in hamsters","volume":"37","author":"Caimari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900476","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effects of proanthocyanidins and their underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms","volume":"54","author":"Arola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801130","article-title":"Changes in lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase expression caused by procyanidins in 3t3-l1 adipocytes","volume":"24","author":"Arola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520330307","article-title":"Cacao procyanidins reduce plasma cholesterol and increase fecal steroid excretion in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet","volume":"33","author":"Yasuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589709514572","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of phytopolyphenols on TPA-induced transformation, PKC activation, and c-jun expression in mouse fibroblast cells","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001","article-title":"Flavonoids: Antioxidants or signalling molecules?","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9831","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.17.9831","article-title":"Flavonoids: A class of modulators with bifunctional interactions at vicinal ATP-and steroid-binding sites on mouse P-glycoprotein","volume":"95","author":"Conseil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(75)80218-5","article-title":"Pig heart mitochondrial atpase: Properties of purified and membrane-bound enzyme. Effects of flavonoids","volume":"57","author":"Godinot","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81293-8","article-title":"Flavonoids, but not protein kinase c inhibitors, prevent stress protein synthesis during erythrophagocytosis","volume":"180","author":"Kantengwa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-007-0056-z","article-title":"The interactions of flavonoids within neuronal signalling pathways","volume":"2","author":"Spencer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600820511","article-title":"Tannins as potent inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase ii in vitro","volume":"82","author":"Kashiwada","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600186","article-title":"The epidermal growth factor receptor and human topoisomerases represent potential cellular targets of oligomeric procyanidins","volume":"51","author":"Fridrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1021\/tx8000785","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols as topoisomerase ii poisons: B ring and c ring substituents determine the mechanism of enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage enhancement","volume":"21","author":"Bandele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/14756360290011744","article-title":"Flavonoids as DNA topoisomerase i poisons","volume":"17","author":"Toro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.05.014","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of bioactive polymeric fractions from grape cell culture on human hepatocellular carcinoma, murine leukemia and non-cancerous pk15 kidney cells","volume":"44","author":"Jo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01862.x","article-title":"Resveratrol dimers are novel sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitors and affect sphingosine kinase 1 expression and cancer cell growth and survival","volume":"166","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01898.x","article-title":"Sphingosine kinase: A key to solving the \u201cfrench paradox\u201d?","volume":"166","author":"Hengst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011136z","article-title":"Composition of a chemopreventive proanthocyanidin-rich fraction from cranberry fruits responsible for the inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity","volume":"50","author":"Kandil","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0207fje","article-title":"Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the \u201cfrench paradox\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2046-4","article-title":"Characterization of interactions between polyphenolic compounds and human serum proteins by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"391","author":"Diniz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bio. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02667-0","article-title":"The interaction of quercetin with human serum albumin: A fluorescence spectroscopic study","volume":"299","author":"Sengupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2014.11.020","article-title":"Probing the binding of procyanidin b3 to human serum albumin by isothermal titration calorimetry","volume":"1082","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6726","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070905x","article-title":"Interaction of different polyphenols with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human salivary \u03b1-amylase (HSA) by fluorescence quenching","volume":"55","author":"Soares","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010855a","article-title":"Interactions between flavonoids and proteins: Effect on the total antioxidant capacity","volume":"50","author":"Arts","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010683h","article-title":"Tannin-protein complexes as radical scavengers and radical sinks","volume":"49","author":"Riedl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0496797","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of protein-bound quercetin","volume":"52","author":"Rohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011257z","article-title":"Human apo AI and rat transferrin are the principal plasma proteins that bind wine catechins","volume":"50","author":"Brunet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602004000200006","article-title":"Alcohol, wine and platelet function","volume":"37","author":"Ruf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01965408","article-title":"Inhibition of aggregation and secretion of human platelets by quercetin and other flavonoids: Structure-activity relationships","volume":"12","author":"Beretz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.1.140","article-title":"Platelet rebound effect of alcohol withdrawal and wine drinking in rats: Relation to tannins and lipid peroxidation","volume":"15","author":"Ruf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo30075c","article-title":"Dietary polyphenol-derived protection against neurotoxic \u03b2-amyloid protein: From molecular to clinical","volume":"3","author":"Smid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32176","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806154200","article-title":"Effects of grape seed-derived polyphenols on amyloid \u03b2-protein self-assembly and cytotoxicity","volume":"283","author":"Ono","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/914273","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: Biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects","volume":"2012","author":"Vauzour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6281com","article-title":"Moderate consumption of cabernet sauvignon attenuated beta-amyloid neuropathology in a mouse model of alzheimer\/s disease","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-0916","article-title":"Heterogeneity in red wine polyphenolic contents differentially influences alzheimer\u2019s disease-type neuropathology and cognitive deterioration","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1315377","article-title":"Novel role of red wine-derived polyphenols in the prevention of alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia and brain pathology: Experimental approaches and clinical implications","volume":"78","author":"Pasinetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.027","article-title":"Gspe interferes with tau aggregation in vivo: Implication for treating tauopathy","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101074","article-title":"Grape derived polyphenols attenuate tau neuropathology in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2014.06.091","article-title":"How wine polyphenols can fight alzheimer disease progression: Towards a molecular explanation","volume":"71","author":"Fouquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2010.03460.x","article-title":"Polyphenol-enriched apple extract attenuates food allergy in mice","volume":"40","author":"Zuercher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03773.x","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00162E","article-title":"Stability and immunogenicity of hypoallergenic peanut protein-polyphenol complexes during in vitro pepsin digestion","volume":"6","author":"Plundrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.04.001","article-title":"Cystus052, a polyphenol-rich plant extract, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in mice","volume":"76","author":"Droebner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visakh, P.M., Iturriaga, L.B., and Daniel Ribotta, P. (2013). Advances in Food Science and Nutrition, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118865606"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathias, J.L., and Osborn, A.J. (2016). Impact of day-of-injury alcohol consumption on outcomes after traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychol. Rehabil.","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1224190"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110000121","article-title":"Polyphenols from red wine are potent modulators of innate and adaptive immune responsiveness","volume":"69","author":"Magrone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"933","article-title":"Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipoxygenase activity and characterization of three bioactive compounds in the most active fraction of Leptadenia reticulata (retz.)wight & arn.\u2014A valuable medicinal plant","volume":"14","author":"Mohanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.17221\/1095-CJFS","article-title":"The natural products in protection agains the most important pathological changes in human metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Votruba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"Rezaee-Zavareh, M.S., Tohidi, M., Sabouri, A., Ramezani-Binabaj, M., Sadeghi-Ghahrodi, M., and Einollahi, B. (2016). Infectious and coronary artery disease. ARYA Atheroscler., 12."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xanthopoulou, M.N., Kalathara, K., Melachroinou, S., Arampatzi-Menenakou, K., Antonopoulou, S., Yannakoulia, M., and Fragopoulou, E. (2016). Wine consumption reduced postprandial platelet sensitivity against platelet activating factor in healthy men. Eur. J. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1194-0"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.09.016","article-title":"Flavonoid composition of orange peel and its association with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"218","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-013-0362-8","article-title":"A review on the role of nutraceuticals as simple as Se2+ to complex organic molecules such as glycyrrhizin that prevent as well as cure diseases","volume":"29","author":"Jose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ES53","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508965764","article-title":"Flavonoids and intestinal cancers","volume":"99","author":"Pierini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassig, B.A., Lan, Q., Rothman, N., Zhang, Y., and Zheng, T. (2012). Current understanding of lifestyle and environmental factors and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: An epidemiological update. J. Cancer Epidemiol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/978930"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.07.005","article-title":"Inhibition of tumor progression by oral piceatannol in mouse 4t1 mammary cancer is associated with decreased angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3793-4","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma through induction of apoptosis and G2\/M phase cell cycle arrest","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"1331","article-title":"Polyphenols and breast cancer prevention: A summary of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"2","author":"Doo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polyphen. Hum. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1427-9","article-title":"You are what you eat, and so are your children: The impact of micronutrients on the epigenetic programming of offspring","volume":"71","author":"Vanhees","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake","volume":"404","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300277","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the potential antiobesity-related diseases effect of cocoa polyphenols","volume":"58","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.06.005","article-title":"Phytochemicals in regulating fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation: Potential underlying mechanisms and their involvement in obesity and weight loss","volume":"165","author":"Rupasinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.06.100","article-title":"Comparison of \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activity of the phenolic substances in two black legumes of different genera","volume":"214","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.09.007","article-title":"The impact of moderate wine consumption on health","volume":"80","author":"Artero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, X., Sun, B., Li, W., Zhang, X., and Zhao, Y. (2016). Anti-diabetic activity phenolic constituents from red wine against \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase. J. Food Process. Preserv.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.12942"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/119.11.1698","article-title":"Dietary phenolic compounds: Inhibition of Na+-dependent d-glucose uptake in rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles","volume":"119","author":"Welsch","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041128","article-title":"Quercetin glucosides inhibit glucose uptake into brush-border-membrane vesicles of porcine jejunum","volume":"91","author":"Cermak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399811666150615150235","article-title":"Ampk as a new attractive therapeutic target for disease prevention: The role of dietary compounds ampk and disease prevention","volume":"17","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Tar."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401190y","article-title":"Black soybean seed coat extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via the activation of amp-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice","volume":"61","author":"Kurimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Li, S., Zhou, T., Zhang, P., and Li, H.B. (2016). Alcoholic beverage consumption and chronic diseases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060522"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12537","article-title":"Specific types of alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"272","article-title":"Effect of grape seed extract and quercetin on cardiovascular and endothelial parameters in high-risk subjects","volume":"2004","author":"Clifton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.03.007","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the normal aging hippocampus","volume":"309","author":"Barrientos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00032","article-title":"Inflammation in parkinson\u2019s disease: Role of glucocorticoids","volume":"9","author":"Herrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3880","article-title":"Immune attack: The role of inflammation in alzheimer disease","volume":"16","author":"Heppner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-009-0135-4","article-title":"Flavonoids and cognitive function: A review of human randomized controlled trial studies and recommendations for future studies","volume":"4","author":"Macready","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.039","article-title":"Geroscience: Linking aging to chronic disease","volume":"159","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04378.x","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance","volume":"75","author":"Nehlig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"149","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"32","author":"McGeer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(98)00013-8","article-title":"The importance of inflammatory mechanisms in alzheimer disease","volume":"33","author":"McGeer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Geront."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00498-6","article-title":"Flavonoids protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress by three distinct mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Ishige","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.023","article-title":"Flavonoid permeability across an in situ model of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"36","author":"Youdim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.095","article-title":"Flavonoid metabolites transport across a human bbb model","volume":"149","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1021\/jf050145v","article-title":"Anthocyanin metabolism in rats and their distribution to digestive area, kidney, and brain","volume":"53","author":"Felgines","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071998l","article-title":"Identification of anthocyanins in the liver, eye, and brain of blueberry-fed pigs","volume":"56","author":"Kalt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7029","DOI":"10.1021\/jf050565k","article-title":"Fast access of some grape pigments to the brain","volume":"53","author":"Passamonti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051596","article-title":"Absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of pelargonidin and its metabolites following oral administration to rats","volume":"95","author":"Marks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.03.010","article-title":"Anthocyanin effects on microglia M1\/M2 phenotype: Consequence on neuronal fractalkine expression","volume":"305","author":"Meireles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10284150500078117","article-title":"Anthocyanins in aged blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory","volume":"8","author":"Galli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_222","unstructured":"Dodd, G.F. (2012). The acute effects of flavonoid-rich blueberries on cognitive function in healthy younger and older adults. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading]."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9029332","article-title":"Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults","volume":"58","author":"Krikorian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.1021\/jf300277g","article-title":"Concord grape juice supplementation and neurocognitive function in human aging","volume":"60","author":"Krikorian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1016-9","article-title":"Flavonoid-rich orange juice is associated with acute improvements in cognitive function in healthy middle-aged males","volume":"55","author":"Alharbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.088518","article-title":"Chronic consumption of flavanone-rich orange juice is associated with cognitive benefits: An 8-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy older adults","volume":"101","author":"Kean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.09.013","article-title":"Effects of a single dose of a flavonoid-rich blueberry drink on memory in 8 to 10y old children","volume":"31","author":"Whyte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1029-4","article-title":"Cognitive effects following acute wild blueberry supplementation in 7- to 10-year-old children","volume":"55","author":"Whyte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2010.09.008","article-title":"Recommending flavanols and procyanidins for cardiovascular health: Current knowledge and future needs","volume":"31","author":"Schroeter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000119","article-title":"Cognitive tests used in chronic adult human randomised controlled trial micronutrient and phytochemical intervention studies","volume":"23","author":"MacReady","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422415000141","article-title":"The role of nutrition on cognition and brain health in ageing: A targeted approach","volume":"28","author":"Monti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002845","article-title":"Consumption of alcoholic beverages and cognitive decline at middle age: The doetinchem cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Nooyens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.09.001","article-title":"Moderate consumption of white and fortified wine is associated with reduced odds of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"29","author":"Fenwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"185","article-title":"Wine consumption and dementia in the elderly: A prospective community study in the bordeaux area","volume":"153","author":"Orgogozo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181a2fd07","article-title":"Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: Meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"17","author":"Anstey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.11.1405","article-title":"Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of dementia in older adults","volume":"289","author":"Mukamal","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.1.77","article-title":"The effects of wine and tobacco consumption on cognitive performance in the elderly: A longitudinal study of relative risk","volume":"28","author":"Leibovici","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Epid."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9538-7","article-title":"Late-life alcohol consumption and cognitive function in elderly men","volume":"36","author":"Hogenkamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02125625","article-title":"Is memory impairment greater than cognitive impairment in moderate chronic alcoholics?","volume":"4","author":"Capitani","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ital. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00660.x","article-title":"Long-term abstinent alcoholics have normal memory","volume":"16","author":"Reed","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(84)80055-6","article-title":"Intellectual and memory impairment in moderate and heavy drinkers","volume":"20","author":"Faglioni","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.06.018","article-title":"Subcortical volumes are reduced in short-term and long-term abstinent alcoholics but not those with a comorbid stimulant disorder","volume":"3","author":"Fein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2015.10.001","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress and plasmatic inflammatory profile in phenylketonuric treated patients","volume":"47","author":"Deon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neur."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/2\/292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:12Z","timestamp":1760207292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/2\/292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]]},"references-count":243,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules22020292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22020292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]]}}}