{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:11:16Z","timestamp":1773900676440,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Almond is characterized by its high nutritional value; although information reported so far mainly concerns edible kernel. Even though the nutritional and commercial relevance of the almond is restricted to almond meat; to date; increasing attention has been paid to other parts of this fruit (skin; shell; and hull); considered by-products that are scarcely characterized and exploited regarding their properties as valuable sources of bioactive compounds (mainly represented by phenolic acids and flavonoids). This lack of proper valorization procedures entails the continuation of the application of traditional procedures to almond residues that nowadays are mainly addressed to livestock feed and energy production. In this sense; data available on the physicochemical and phytochemical composition of almond meat and its related residues suggest promising applications; and allow one to envisage new uses as functional ingredients towards value-added foods and feeds; as well as a source of bioactive phytochemicals to be included in cosmetic formulations. This objective has prompted investigators working in the field to evaluate their functional properties and biological activity. This approach has provided interesting information concerning the capacity of polyphenolic extracts of almond by-products to prevent degenerative diseases linked to oxidative stress and inflammation in human tissues and cells; in the frame of diverse pathophysiological situations. Hence; this review deals with gathering data available in the scientific literature on the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of almond by-products as well as on their bioactivity so as to promote their functional application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]],"date-time":"2017-10-23T04:32:19Z","timestamp":1508733139000},"page":"1774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Valorization Challenges to Almond Residues: Phytochemical Composition and Functional Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Iva","family":"Prgomet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Berta","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Perles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6920-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Pascual-Seva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Production, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Nut and Dried Fruit Council (2016). World Tree Nut Production, International Nut and Dried Fruit Council."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.06.008","article-title":"Using almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) shell as a bio-waste resource in wood based composite","volume":"43","author":"Pirayesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9908289","article-title":"Identification of three triterpenoids in almond hulls","volume":"48","author":"Takeoka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, S.M., and Priyadarshan, P.M. (2009). Almond (Prunus dulcis) breeding. Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71201-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2010.10.027","article-title":"Characteristics of some almond kernel and oils","volume":"127","author":"Erkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam)"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051692j","article-title":"Antioxidant polyphenols in almond and its coproducts","volume":"54","author":"Wijeratne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.12.049","article-title":"Antioxidants and antiradicals in almond hull and shell (Amygdalus communis L.) as a function of genotype","volume":"115","author":"Sfahlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.01.007","article-title":"A review of composition studies of cultivated almonds: Macronutrients and micronutrients","volume":"24","author":"Yada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4522.2005.00029.x","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of almond seed extract and its fractions","volume":"12","author":"Amarowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Lipids"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.500s","article-title":"Nut consumption, vegetarian diets, ischemic heart disease risk, and all-cause mortality: Evidence from epidemiologic studies","volume":"70","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.4.703","article-title":"Almonds and almond oil have similar effects on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women","volume":"132","author":"Hyson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.6.1379","article-title":"Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: A randomized feeding trial","volume":"77","author":"Haddad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"45","article-title":"A low-dose almond-based diet decreases LDL-C while preserving HDL-C","volume":"8","author":"Tamizifar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00383.x","article-title":"Effects of almond consumption on the reduction of LDL-cholesterol: A discussion of potential mechanisms and future research directions","volume":"69","author":"Berryman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.07.046","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo modeling of lipid bioaccessibility and digestion from almond muffins: The importance of the cell-wall barrier mechanism","volume":"37","author":"Grassby","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1108\/00070700010371707","article-title":"Consumer perception of fresh meat quality: A framework for analysis","volume":"102","author":"Becker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(98)00086-6","article-title":"Quality measurement of fruits and vegetables","volume":"15","author":"Abbott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(02)00078-X","article-title":"Irrigation and harvest time affect almond kernel quality and composition","volume":"96","author":"Nanos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam)"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10056","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8012212","article-title":"Influence of irrigation and organic\/inorganic fertilization on chemical quality of almond (Prunus amygdalus cv. Guara)","volume":"56","author":"Egea","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2004.tb10727.x","article-title":"Functional Foods: Their Role in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention","volume":"69","author":"Shahidi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1017\/BJN20061864","article-title":"Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants","volume":"96","author":"Blomhoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2659","article-title":"A nutrition and health perspective on almonds","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0603937","article-title":"Determination of flavonoids and phenolics and their distribution in almonds","volume":"54","author":"Milbury","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-006-1197-8","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of almonds and their by-products in food model systems","volume":"83","author":"Wijeratne","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAOCS J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Godini, A. (1984). Hull, shell and kernel relationships in almond fresh fruits. Options M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes: S\u00e9rie Etudes, CIHEAM."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00029-2","article-title":"Acid-activated carbons from almond shells: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties and estimated cost of production","volume":"71","author":"Toles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.01898.x","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic properties of almond skins (Amygdalus communis L.)","volume":"304","author":"Mandalari","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011533+","article-title":"Antioxidative phenolic compounds isolated from almond skins (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)","volume":"50","author":"Sang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.6.1366","article-title":"Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8498","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071780z","article-title":"Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) skins as a potential source of bioactive polyphenols","volume":"55","author":"Monagas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10590","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901391a","article-title":"Comparative flavan-3-ol profile and antioxidant capacity of roasted peanut, hazelnut, and almond skins","volume":"57","author":"Monagas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2009.08.015","article-title":"Characterization of polyphenols, lipids and dietary fibre from almond skins (Amygdalus communis L.)","volume":"23","author":"Mandalari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.10.059","article-title":"Shell cracking strength in almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb.) and its implication in uses as a value-added product","volume":"99","author":"Ledbetter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"734","article-title":"Nutritive value of different varieties of almond (Prunus dulcis) hulls","volume":"1","author":"Jafari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.v047n03p27","article-title":"Almond hulls in swine diet reduce diet fat","volume":"47","author":"Homedes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calif. Agric."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Shahidi, F. (1997). Natural Antioxidants: An Overview. Natural Antioxidants, Chemistry, Health Effects and Applications, AOCS Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0110194","article-title":"New prenylated benzoic acid and other constituents from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)","volume":"50","author":"Sang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.06.020","article-title":"Extraction of antioxidant phenolics from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus) and pine sawdust (Pinus pinaster)","volume":"85","author":"Pinelo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052812q","article-title":"Antiproliferative terpenoids from almond hulls (Prunus dulcis): Identification and structure-activity relationships","volume":"54","author":"Amico","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10101","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0721996","article-title":"Separation and HPLC-MS identification of phenolic antioxidants from agricultural residues: Almond hulls and grape pomace","volume":"55","author":"Rubilar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013209353983","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) and almond (Prunus dulcis L.) by-products","volume":"16","author":"Barreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.01.017","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of extracts produced by solvent extraction of almond shells acid hydrolysates","volume":"101","author":"Moure","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12426","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181012426","article-title":"Antioxidant and photoprotective effects of blanch water, a byproduct of the almond processing industry","volume":"18","author":"Mandalari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00235-1","article-title":"Advances in flavonoid research since 1992","volume":"55","author":"Harborne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4581","article-title":"Dietary (Poly)phenolics in Human Health: Structures, Bioavailability, and Evidence of Protective Effects Against Chronic Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Spencer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.727","article-title":"Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability","volume":"79","author":"Manach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications","volume":"3","author":"Rius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"377","article-title":"Plant Secondary Metabolites: Biosynthesis, Classification, Function and Pharmacological Properties","volume":"2","author":"Kabera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8813","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15128813","article-title":"Phenolic-compound-extraction systems for fruit and vegetable samples","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1021\/jf026182t","article-title":"Phenolic acids in foods: An overview of analytical methodology","volume":"51","author":"Robbins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.033","article-title":"Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types","volume":"98","author":"Kornsteiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petre, M. (2012). Biological Activities and Effects of Food Processing on Flavonoids as Phenolic Antioxidants. Advances in Applied Biotechnology, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/1096"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido, I., Monagas, M., G\u00f3mez-Cordov\u00e9s, C., and Bartolom\u00e9, B. (2008). Polyphenols and antioxidant properties of almond skins: Influence of industrial processing. J. Food Sci., 73.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00637.x"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020660i","article-title":"Antioxidant constituents of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] hulls","volume":"51","author":"Takeoka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200900679","article-title":"HPLC\/CE-ESI-TOF-MS methods for the characterization of polyphenols in almond-skin extracts","volume":"31","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.11.089","article-title":"Polyphenolic content and biological properties of Avola almond (Prunus dulcis Mill. D.A. Webb) skin and its industrial byproducts","volume":"83","author":"Smeriglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolling, B.W., Dolnikowski, G., Blumberg, J.B., and Chen, C.Y.O. (2009). Quantification of almond skin polyphenols by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Food Sci., 74.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01133.x"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0115894","article-title":"Identification and quantification of flavonol glycosides in almond seedcoats using MALDI-TOF MS","volume":"50","author":"Sporns","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048429n","article-title":"Screening of chemical composition and antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from three Turkish Artemisia species","volume":"53","author":"Kordali","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0251-1","article-title":"Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay","volume":"48","author":"Kedare","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methods for Total Antioxidant Activity Determination: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Pisoschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800061z","article-title":"In vitro activity of almond skin polyphenols for scavenging free radicals and inducing quinone reductase","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.05.058","article-title":"The influence of roasting, pasteurisation, and storage on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of California almond skins","volume":"123","author":"Bolling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6818","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020661a","article-title":"Variation in the flavonol glycoside composition of almond seedcoats as determined by maldi-tof mass spectrometry","volume":"50","author":"Frison","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12260","article-title":"Almond Polyphenols: Methods of Analysis, Contribution to Food Quality, and Health Promotion","volume":"16","author":"Bolling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.03.020","article-title":"Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) polyphenols: From chemical characterization to targeted analysis of phenolic metabolites in humans","volume":"501","author":"Monagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.093","article-title":"Distribution of almond polyphenols in blanch water and skins as a function of blanching time and temperature","volume":"131","author":"Hughey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2014.03.012","article-title":"Kinetics of almond skin separation as a function of blanching time and temperature","volume":"138","author":"Fisklements","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Pharmacological activities of flavonoids: A review","volume":"4","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2011.07.004","article-title":"Dietary phytochemicals and their potential effects on obesity: A review","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/952943","article-title":"A Review on Protocatechuic Acid and Its Pharmacological Potential","volume":"2014","author":"Kakkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"83","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of polyphenols extracted from almond skins","volume":"51","author":"Mandalari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.02.003","article-title":"Natural almond skin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Mandalari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"57","article-title":"Abatement of detrimental effects of photoaging by Prunus amygdalus skin extract","volume":"3","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.11.007","article-title":"Prebiotic effects of almonds and almond skins on intestinal microbiota in healthy adult humans","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisignano, C., Mandalari, G., Smeriglio, A., Trombetta, D., Pizzo, M.M., Pennisi, R., and Sciortino, M.T. (2017). Almond skin extracts abrogate HSV-1 replication by blocking virus binding to the cell. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9070178"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.079","article-title":"Polyphenol and nutrient release from skin of almonds during simulated human digestion","volume":"122","author":"Mandalari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandalari, G., Vardakou, M., Faulks, R., Bisignano, C., Martorana, M., Smeriglio, A., and Trombetta, D. (2016). Food matrix effects of polyphenol bioaccessibility from almond skin during simulated human digestion. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090568"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.017","article-title":"The potential influence of fruit polyphenols on colonic microflora and human gut health","volume":"124","author":"Parkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(99)00031-0","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of selected plant by-product feedstuffs, a global perspective","volume":"79","author":"Fadel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Utilization of almond residues","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Almond Board of Australia (n.d.) (2017, March 03). Renewable Energy Production from Almond Waste. Available online: http:\/\/www.australianalmonds.com.au."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.24266\/0738-2898-25.4.239","article-title":"Impact of mulches on landscape plants and the environment\u2014A review","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2014.06.004","article-title":"Long term changes in soil properties and enzyme activities after almond shell mulching in avocado organic production","volume":"143","author":"Burgos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2004.06.011","article-title":"Almond shell waste: Possible local rockwool substitute in soilless crop culture","volume":"103","author":"Urrestarazu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam)"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1080\/01904160802405420","article-title":"Effect of Substrate Reutilization on Yield and Properties of Melon and Tomato Crops","volume":"31","author":"Urrestarazu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2013111-3566","article-title":"Use of almond shell and almond hull as substrates for sweet pepper cultivation. Effects on fruit yield and mineral content","volume":"11","author":"Valverde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(95)80009-7","article-title":"On the suitability of agricultural by-products for the manufacture of granular activated carbon","volume":"74","author":"Heschel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(02)00118-5","article-title":"Preparing activated carbon from various nutshells by chemical activation with K CO","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-014-0238-y","article-title":"Nanopaper from almond (Prunus dulcis) shell","volume":"21","author":"Urruzola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"358","article-title":"Almond shell as a natural colorant","volume":"37","author":"Yildirim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Fibre Text. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.01.055","article-title":"Use of almond shell extracts plus biomordants as effective textile dye","volume":"70","author":"Yildirim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2012.03.003","article-title":"Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: Conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications","volume":"26","author":"Galanakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.02.010","article-title":"Recovery, concentration and purification of phenolic compounds by adsorption: A review","volume":"105","author":"Soto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/10826070903574063","article-title":"Isolation and purification of phenolic compounds from magnoliae officinalis by preparative high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(02)00305-3","article-title":"Production of organic acids by bipolar electrodialysis: Realizations and perspectives","volume":"144","author":"Bailly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics3040793","article-title":"Encapsulation of natural polyphenolic compounds: A review","volume":"3","author":"Munin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/10\/1774\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:59Z","timestamp":1760208479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/10\/1774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules22101774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22101774","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]}}}