{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:17:59Z","timestamp":1774120679053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,28]],"date-time":"2018-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many substances of forensic interest are chiral and available either as racemates or pure enantiomers. Application of chiral analysis in biological samples can be useful for the determination of legal or illicit drugs consumption or interpretation of unexpected toxicological effects. Chiral substances can also be found in environmental samples and revealed to be useful for determination of community drug usage (sewage epidemiology), identification of illicit drug manufacturing locations, illegal discharge of sewage and in environmental risk assessment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of chiral analysis in biological and environmental samples and their relevance in the forensic field. Most frequently analytical methods used to quantify the enantiomers are liquid and gas chromatography using both indirect, with enantiomerically pure derivatizing reagents, and direct methods recurring to chiral stationary phases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T07:46:20Z","timestamp":1517211980000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Chiral Drug Analysis in Forensic Chemistry: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4436-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5731-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3320-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elizabeth","family":"Tiritan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IUPAC (2017, November 13). Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry. Available online: https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/src\/src_PAC1996682193.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.07.008","article-title":"The market of chiral drugs: Chiral switches versus de novo enantiomerically pure compounds","volume":"147","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Sons, J.W. (2016). Chiral Pharmaceuticals. 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