{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T13:14:58Z","timestamp":1773580498308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this narrative review, we have comprehensively reviewed the plant sources used as antiulcer agents. From traditional uses as herbal remedies, we have moved on to preclinical evidence, critically discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on plant extracts and even isolated phytochemicals with antiulcerogenic potential. A particular emphasis was also paid to Helicobacter pylori activity, with emphasis on involved mechanisms of action. Lastly, the issue of safety profile of these plant products has also been addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T08:45:42Z","timestamp":1531903542000},"page":"1751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Antiulcer Agents: From Plant Extracts to Phytochemicals in Healing Promotion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61663335, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3724-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick Valere Tsouh","family":"Fokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde Po.Box 812, Cameroon"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0378-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farukh","family":"Sharopov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miquel","family":"Martorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, VIII\u2013Bio Bio Region, Chile"}]},{"given":"Adedayo Oluwaseun","family":"Ademiluyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340001, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana","family":"Rajkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahare","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 88777539, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 22439789, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto\u2013Portugal, Porto 4200-135, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Iriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.09.026","article-title":"Ethanolic extract of roots from Arctium lappa L. accelerates the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Involvement of the antioxidant system","volume":"51","author":"Allemand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30157-6","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of aqueous stem bark extract of ziziphus jujuba l. Against hcl\/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats","volume":"35","author":"Hamedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70025-9","article-title":"The gastric transitional zones: Neglected links between gastroduodenal pathology and helicobacter ecology","volume":"116","author":"Dixon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1159\/000331520","article-title":"Etiopathogenetic principles and peptic ulcer disease classification","volume":"29","author":"Tytgat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60938-7","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"374","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"571","article-title":"Changing patterns of peptic ulcer, gastrooesophageal reflux disease and Helicobacter pylori: A unifying hypothesis","volume":"15","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroen. Hepat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"347","author":"Suerbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, B., and Meyer, T.F. (2011). The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori and its association with gastric cancer and ulcer disease. Ulcers, 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/340157"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"33","article-title":"The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different countries","volume":"9","author":"Pounder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharm. Therap."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00677.x","article-title":"Emerging and reemerging diseases: A historical perspective","volume":"225","author":"Snowden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2011.05.001","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"38","author":"Najm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Primary Care: Clin. Office Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1159\/000331517","article-title":"Complications of peptic ulcer disease","volume":"29","author":"Milosavljevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00747.x","article-title":"The possible causes of the pandemic of peptic ulcer in the late 19th and early 20th century","volume":"185","author":"Duggan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.07.052","article-title":"Psychological stress increases risk for peptic ulcer, regardless of Helicobacter pylori infection or use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"13","author":"Levenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroen. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5506","article-title":"From inflammation to gastric cancer: Role of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)80008-X","article-title":"How does Helicobacter pylori cause mucosal damage? Direct mechanisms","volume":"113","author":"Smoot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.6.1255","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS derivatives on the production of tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 by human blood mononuclear cells","volume":"174","author":"Semeraro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.04.027","article-title":"The secreted helicobacter cysteine\u2014rich protein a causes adherence of human monocytes and differentiation into a macrophage-like phenotype","volume":"583","author":"Dumrese","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1053\/bega.1999.0065","article-title":"How do nsaids cause ulcer disease?","volume":"14","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res.Clin. Gastroen."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"78","article-title":"Drugs for treatment of peptic ulcers","volume":"3","author":"Dajani","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Acad. Minority Physic. Official Publ. Asso. Acad. Minority Physic."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"73","article-title":"Antacids in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease","volume":"11","year":"1989","journal-title":"Method. Find. Exp. And Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196511000-00002","article-title":"The milk alkali syndrome: A study of the acute disorder with comments on the development of the chronic condition","volume":"44","author":"McMillan","year":"1965","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197508142930703","article-title":"Decreased serum salicylate concentrations in children with rheumatic fever treated with antacid","volume":"293","author":"Levy","year":"1975","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"59","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors: Key ingredients in helicobacter pylori eradication treatment","volume":"Volume 32","author":"Chiba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Balanced View"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259169","article-title":"Cytoprotective drugs","volume":"2","author":"Tarnawski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drug Invest."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"88","article-title":"Gastric cytoprotection","volume":"35","author":"Dhume","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.06.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the antiulcerogenic activity of Maytenus robusta (Celastraceae) in different experimental ulcer models","volume":"113","author":"Lemos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-008-1118-5","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic activity of fractions and 3, 15-dioxo-21\u03b1-hydroxy friedelane isolated from Maytenus robusta (Celastraceae)","volume":"31","author":"Comunello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2014.05.001","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic activity of Scutia buxifolia on gastric ulcers induced by ethanol in rats","volume":"4","author":"Boligon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sinica B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.3464","article-title":"Centella asiatica leaf extract protects against indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.78519","article-title":"Pharmacological review on centella asiatica: A potential herbal cure-all","volume":"72","author":"Gohil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524349","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep081","article-title":"Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of Baccharis dracunculifolia in the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid model of rat colitis","volume":"2011","author":"Cestari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Compl. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2624","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic activity of the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia on different experimental models in rats","volume":"23","author":"Massignani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.065","article-title":"Antisecretory actions of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC aqueous extract and isolated compounds: Analysis of underlying mechanisms","volume":"136","author":"Biondo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2009000200022","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of Baccharis trimera (Less) DC (Asteraceae)","volume":"19","author":"Hernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira De Farmacognosia-Brazilian J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-016-1262-2","article-title":"Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera promotes gastroprotection and healing of acute and chronic gastric ulcers induced by ethanol and acetic acid","volume":"389","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"N-S Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2485","article-title":"The antiinflammatory, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities of Hieracium gymnocephalum extract","volume":"22","author":"Petrovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00118-1","article-title":"Evaluation of Tanacetum larvatum for an anti-inflammatory activity and for the protection against indomethacin-induced ulcerogenesis in rats","volume":"87","author":"Petrovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.02.049","article-title":"Antiulcer mechanisms of Vernonia condensata Baker: A medicinal plant used in the treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcer","volume":"184","author":"Boeing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959400","article-title":"Analgesic and anti-ulcerogenic effects of a polar extract from leaves of Vernonia-condensata","volume":"60","author":"Frutuoso","year":"1994","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-015-1208-0","article-title":"Pharmacological reports about gastroprotective effects of methanolic extract from leaves of Solidago chilensis (Brazilian arnica) and its components quercitrin and afzelin in rodents","volume":"389","author":"Boeing","year":"2016","journal-title":"N-S Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903453131","article-title":"Evaluation of gastroprotective activity and acute toxicity of Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae)","volume":"48","author":"Bucciarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.551539","article-title":"Use of cordia dichotoma bark in the treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"49","author":"Ganjare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"31","article-title":"Protective effects of Capparis zeylanica Linn. Leaf extract on gastric lesions in experimental animals","volume":"3","author":"Sini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.06.003","article-title":"Moringa oleifera induced potentiation of serotonin release by 5-ht(3) receptors in experimental ulcer model","volume":"18","author":"Debnath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2013.07.003","article-title":"Assessment of the antiulcer potential of Moringa oleifera root-bark extract in rats","volume":"6","author":"Choudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"127","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of moringa oleifera lam. Seeds on acetic acid-induced acute colitis in rats","volume":"4","author":"Minaiyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"FF7","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Salvadora indica (W.) leaves on albino rats","volume":"10","author":"Sahoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.09.006","article-title":"Evidence of gastric ulcer healing activity of Maytenus robusta Reissek: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"175","author":"Boeing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"597","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and gastroprotective activity of the root bark from Maytenus robusta","volume":"11","author":"Benvenutti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"58","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of fruits of Momordica cymbalaria hook f. In wistar rats","volume":"2","author":"Dhasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.986726","article-title":"Gastroprotective potentials of the ethanolic extract of Mukia maderaspatana against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"29","author":"Gomathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S107018","article-title":"The antiulcer effect of Cibotium barometz leaves in rats with experimentally induced acute gastric ulcer","volume":"11","author":"Hajrezaie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Wajeeh, N.S., Hajerezaie, M., Noor, S.M., Halabi, M.F., Al-Henhena, N., Azizan, A.H.S., Kamran, S., Hassandarvish, P., Shwter, A.N., and Karimian, H. (2017). The gastro protective effects of Cibotium barometz hair on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in sprague-dawley rats. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0949-z"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2014-0093","article-title":"Cyperus rotundus L. Prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2241","article-title":"Assessment of anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and neuro-pharmacological activities of Cyperus rotundus Linn.","volume":"27","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.07.081","article-title":"Gastroprotective potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of pattanga (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.)","volume":"197","author":"Chellappan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17032796","article-title":"Effects of Pithecellobium jiringa ethanol extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in sprague-dawley rats","volume":"17","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.07.007","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity of the extract from Alhagi maurorum (Camelthorn)","volume":"48","author":"Shaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbiw, D.K. (1990). Useful Plants of Ghana, Richmond Intermediate Technology Publications and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.","DOI":"10.3362\/9781780443737"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nartey, E.T., Ofosuhene, M., Kudzi, W., and Agbale, C.M. (2012). Antioxidant and gastric cytoprotective prostaglandins properties of Cassia sieberiana roots bark extract as an anti-ulcerogenic agent. BMC Complem. Altern. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-65"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Batran, R., Al-Bayaty, F., Jamil Al-Obaidi, M.M., Abdualkader, A.M., Hadi, H.A., Ali, H.M., and Abdulla, M.A. (2013). In vivo antioxidant and antiulcer activity of Parkia speciosa ethanolic leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064751"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.80778","article-title":"Antiulcer effect of the methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica seeds in different experimental models","volume":"3","author":"Kalra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.12.004","article-title":"Effects of Morinda citrifolia aqueous fruit extract and its biomarker scopoletin on reflux esophagitis and gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"134","author":"Mahattanadul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"323","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiulcer potential of aqueous leaf extract of Kigelia africana against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats","volume":"13","author":"Olaleye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Excli J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the antiulcerogenic and analgesic activities of Cordia verbenacea DC. (Boraginaceae)","volume":"119","author":"Roldao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1734","article-title":"Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antiperoxidative efficacy of Barleria lupulina Lindl. Extract","volume":"19","author":"Suba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1587","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of methanol fraction of barleria lupulina lindl. In animal models","volume":"18","author":"Suba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(96)01461-4","article-title":"Eremomastax speciosa: Effects of leaf aqueous extract on ulcer formation and gastric secretion in rats","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"165","article-title":"Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of the methanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa in rats","volume":"11","author":"Amang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afri. J. Trad. Complem. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"323470","article-title":"Antisecretory action of the extract of the aerial parts of eremomastax speciosa (acanthaceae) occurs through antihistaminic and anticholinergic pathways","volume":"2014","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3647","article-title":"Protective effect of Calamintha officinalis moench leaves against alcohol-induced gastric mucosa injury in rats. Macroscopic, histologic and phytochemical analysis","volume":"26","author":"Monforte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.010","article-title":"Hyptis suaveolens (L.) poit (Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant protects the stomach against several gastric ulcer models","volume":"150","author":"Jesus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17088917","article-title":"Gastroprotection of suaveolol, isolated from Hyptis suaveolens, against ethanol-induced gastric lesions in wistar rats: Role of prostaglandins, nitric oxide and sulfhydryls","volume":"17","author":"Antonio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.03.019","article-title":"Verbascoside isolated from tectona grandis mediates gastric protection in rats via inhibiting proton pump activity","volume":"81","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.064","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer models: Possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation","volume":"104","author":"Jainu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1088336","article-title":"Myristica malabarica heals stomach ulceration by increasing prostaglandin synthesis and angiogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Maity","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.01.028","article-title":"Regulation of arginase\/nitric oxide synthesis axis via cytokine balance contributes to the healing action of malabaricone b against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in mice","volume":"9","author":"Maity","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.09.041","article-title":"Healing properties of malabaricone b and malabaricone c, against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration and mechanism of action","volume":"578","author":"Banerjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.11.0014","article-title":"Gastroprotective properties of Myristica malabarica against indometacin-induced stomach ulceration: A mechanistic exploration","volume":"59","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"227","article-title":"Exploiting the phenomenal anti-ulcerogenic potential of talinum portulacifolium ethanolic extract whole plant on albino rats: The therapeutic potential of chinese herb-m\u01ce ch\u01d0 xi\u00e0n k\u0113 (Portulacaceae)","volume":"6","author":"Gundamaraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2003.06.009","article-title":"Preliminary studies of Mammea americana L. (Guttiferae) bark\/latex extract point to an effective antiulcer effect on gastric ulcer models in mice","volume":"12","author":"Toma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S80625","article-title":"Evidence of the gastroprotective and anti- helicobacter pylori activities of \u03b2-mangostin isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume","volume":"10","author":"Sidahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"450840","article-title":"\u03b1-mangostin from Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume demonstrates anti-ulcerogenic property: A mechanistic study","volume":"2013","author":"Sidahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Compl. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.60.4.0014","article-title":"Effect of methanolic extract of terminalia arjuna against Helicobacter pylori 26695 lipopolysaccharide-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"60","author":"Devi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2160","article-title":"Ulcer protective effect of Terminalia arjuna on gastric mucosal defensive mechanism in experimental rats","volume":"21","author":"Devi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"Article 9","article-title":"Pharmacological evaluation of fruits of Terminalia belerica Roxb. For antiulcer activity","volume":"9","author":"Jawanjal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Complem. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.025","article-title":"Terminalia catappa L.: A medicinal plant from the caribbean pharmacopeia with anti-helicobacter pylori and antiulcer action in experimental rodent models","volume":"159","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.503709","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic activity of Terminalia chebula fruit in experimentally induced ulcer in rats","volume":"49","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.01.002","article-title":"Anti-secretory and cyto-protective effects of chebulinic acid isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula on gastric ulcers","volume":"20","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201700000-21","article-title":"Flavonoids and anti-oxidant activity mediated gastroprotective action of leathery murdah, Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) wight & arn. Leaf methanolic extract in rats","volume":"54","author":"Nazan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gastroen."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261745","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/261745","article-title":"Gastric antiulcerogenic and hypokinetic activities of Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. (Combretaceae)","volume":"2014","author":"Nunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.104788","article-title":"Pharmacological efficacy of argemone mexicana plant extract, against cysteamine-induced duodenal ulceration in rats","volume":"65","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"311","article-title":"Effect of ethanol extract of Piper betle Linn leaf on healing of nsaid-induced experimental ulcer\u2014A novel role of free radical scavenging action","volume":"41","author":"Majumdar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02867942","article-title":"Potent antiulcerogenic activity of ethanol extract of leaf of Piper betle Linn by antioxidative mechanism","volume":"17","author":"Majumdar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i27.3705","article-title":"Healing property of the piper betel phenol, allylpyrocatechol against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration and mechanism of action","volume":"13","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroen."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.04.046","article-title":"The gastric ulcer-healing action of allylpyrocatechol is mediated by modulation of arginase metabolism and shift of cytokine balance","volume":"614","author":"Yadav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"3776","article-title":"Inhibition of tnf-\u03b1, and nf-\u03bab and jnk pathways accounts for the prophylactic action of the natural phenolic, allylpyrocatechol against indomethacin gastropathy","volume":"1830","author":"Yadav","year":"2013","journal-title":"BBA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S706","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_49_17","article-title":"Docking-based screening of Ficus religiosa phytochemicals as inhibitors of human histamine h2 receptor","volume":"13","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Mag."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.02.006","article-title":"Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by a standardized aqueous extract of Cecropia glaziovii Sneth and underlying mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Souccar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S125383","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of the leaf extract of Osyris quadripartita Decne. (santalaceae) in rats","volume":"9","author":"Abebaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effect of intragastric administration of crude aqueous leaf extract of anacardium occidentale on gastric acid secretion in rats","volume":"25","author":"Ajibola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Niger. J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"111","article-title":"Comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of percolated extract of Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) with indomethacin in rats","volume":"25","author":"Behravan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.03.003","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic effect and acute toxicity of a hydroethanolic extract from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves","volume":"112","author":"Konan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharm."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.10.008","article-title":"Protective effect of anacardic acids from cashew (Anacardium occidentale) on ethanol-induced gastric damage in mice","volume":"183","author":"Morais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.11.006","article-title":"Should anacardium humile st. Hil be used as an antiulcer agent? A scientific approach to the traditional knowledge","volume":"79","author":"Barbastefano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7153","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107153","article-title":"Mechanisms of the gastric antiulcerogenic activity of Anacardium humile st. Hil on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats","volume":"15","author":"Almeida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"494","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea","volume":"13","author":"Abo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. Int. J. Devoted Pharm. Toxicol. Eval. Nat. Prod. Derivatives"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.01.002","article-title":"Indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats: Protective roles of spondias mombin and ficus exasperata","volume":"2","author":"Sabiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.10.018","article-title":"Anti-ulcer activity of crude alcoholic extract of Toona ciliata roemer (heart wood)","volume":"110","author":"Malairajan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.147434","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of aqueous extract and mucilage from Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ancient Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90168-D","article-title":"Studies on the antiulcer activity of a Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract in experimental-animals","volume":"33","author":"Pal","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1285326","article-title":"Anti-helicobacter pylori and antiulcerogenic activity of Aframomum pruinosum seeds on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"55","author":"Mabeku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357991772169","article-title":"Effect of the chloroform extract of tanacetum vulgare and one of its active principles, parthenolide, on experimental gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"51","author":"Tournier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.21.335","article-title":"Gastric cytoprotective activity of dehydroleucodine in rats. Role of prostaglandins","volume":"21","author":"Maria","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410601101951","article-title":"A new triterpene with antinociceptive activity from Maytenus robusta","volume":"20","author":"Niero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13439","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171113439","article-title":"New triterpenes from Maytenus robusta: Structural elucidation based on NMR experimental data and theoretical calculations","volume":"17","author":"Sousa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-012-9262-4","article-title":"The therapeutic lead potential of metabolites obtained from natural sources for the treatment of peptic ulcer","volume":"11","author":"Santin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2001-1-224","article-title":"A comparative chemical study of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Reiss and Maytenus robusta Reiss (Celastraceae)","volume":"56","author":"Niero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Naturforschung C"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9811065","article-title":"Content of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol in 25 edible berries","volume":"47","author":"Heinonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00117-4","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"81","author":"Pandian","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Varoni, E.M., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Matthews, K.R., Ayatollahi, S.A., Kobarfard, F., Ibrahim, S.A., Mnayer, D., and Zakaria, Z.A. (2017). Plants of the genus Zingiber as a source of bioactive phytochemicals: From tradition to pharmacy. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201711.0102.v1"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5880","article-title":"Plants of the Melaleuca genus as antimicrobial agents: From farm to pharmacy","volume":"31","author":"Salehi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.9.1","article-title":"Bioactive chemical compounds in Eremurus persicus (Joub. & Spach) Boiss. Essential oil and their health implications","volume":"63","author":"Salehi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"802","article-title":"Chemical composition and functional properties of essential oils from Nepeta schiraziana Boiss","volume":"65","author":"Ayatollahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.8.10","article-title":"Susceptibility of herpes simplex virus type 1 to monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oils of Sinapis arvensis L., Lallemantia royleana Benth. and Pulicaria vulgaris gaertn","volume":"63","author":"Salehi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"287","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of different parts of the Prosopis farcta extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","volume":"26","author":"Miri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minerva Biotecnol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"80","article-title":"Inhibitory activity on type 2 diabetes and hypertension key-enzymes, and antioxidant capacity of Veronica persica phenolic-rich extracts","volume":"62","author":"Tayeboon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"8","article-title":"Mutagenic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and antimicrobial activities of scandix pecten-veneris L.","volume":"62","author":"Tayeboon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahraie-Rad, M., Izadyari, A., Rakizadeh, S., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2015). Preparation of strong antidandruff shampoo using medicinal plant extracts: A clinical trial and chronic dandruff treatment. Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod., 10.","DOI":"10.17795\/jjnpp-21517"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31129","DOI":"10.17795\/jjnpp-31129","article-title":"Cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia venenata and Moringa oleifera plants from india","volume":"11","author":"Bagheri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"27","article-title":"Potential of Ocimum basilicum L. and Salvia officinalis L. Essential oils against biofilms of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates","volume":"62","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.06.010","article-title":"Matricaria genus as a source of antimicrobial agents: From farm to pharmacy and food applications","volume":"215","author":"Nazaruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Mishra, A.P., Shukla, I., Sharifi-Rad, M., Contreras, M.d.M., Segura-Carretero, A., Fathi, H., Nasrabadi, N.N., Kobarfard, F., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2018). Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses. Phytother. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6109"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Mnayer, D., Morais-Braga, M.F.B., Carneiro, J.N.P., Bezerra, C.F., Coutinho, H.D.M., Salehi, B., Martorell, M., del Mar Contreras, M., and Soltani-Nejad, A. (2018). Echinacea plants as antioxidant and antibacterial agents: From traditional medicine to biotechnological applications. Phytother. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6101"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Varoni, E.M., Iriti, M., Martorell, M., Setzer, W.N., del Mar Contreras, M., Salehi, B., Soltani-Nejad, A., Rajabi, S., and Tajbakhsh, M. (2018). Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6103"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G.C., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M.R., and Oluwaseun Ademiluyi, A. (2017). Biological activities of essential oils: From plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010070"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011793591626","article-title":"Complex interactions between phytochemicals. The multitarget therapeutic concept of phytotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Efferth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, J., Salehi, B., Stojanovi\u0107-Radi\u0107, Z.Z., Fokou, P.V.T., Sharifi-Rad, M., Mahady, G.B., Sharifi-Rad, M., Masjedi, M.R., Lawal, T.O., and Ayatollahi, S.A. (2017). Medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological approaches. Biotechnol. Adv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2017.07.001"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Kumar, N., \u015eener, B., Sharifi-Rad, M., K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, M., Mahady, G., Vlaisavljevic, S., Iriti, M., Kobarfard, F., and Setzer, W. (2018). Medicinal plants used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051459"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Zucca, P., SharifiRad, M., Pezzani, R., Rajabi, S., Setzer, W.N., Varoni, E.M., Iriti, M., Kobarfard, F., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2018). Phytotherapeutics in cancer invasion and metastasis. Phytother. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6087"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"39","article-title":"Anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity of rubiaceae, fabaceae and poaceae plants: A search for new sources of useful alternative antibacterials against MRSA infections","volume":"62","author":"Iriti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setzer, M.S., Sharifi-Rad, J., and Setzer, W.N. (2016). The search for herbal antibiotics: An in-silico investigation of antibacterial phytochemicals. Antibiotics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics5030030"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"75","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of essential oils from Iranian medicinal plants on extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"62","author":"Mnayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"57","article-title":"Plants of the genus Allium as antibacterial agents: From tradition to pharmacy","volume":"62","author":"Mnayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activity of Pulicaria vulgaris essential oil from iran","volume":"9","author":"Miri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7034","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20047034","article-title":"Phytochemical compositions and biological activities of essential oil from Xanthium strumarium L.","volume":"20","author":"Iriti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63603-4.00006-1","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic compounds isolated from medicinal plants","volume":"Volume 47","author":"Beserra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.023","article-title":"Antiulcer properties of fruits and vegetables: A mechanism based perspective","volume":"108","author":"Harsha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2000.tb01240.x","article-title":"Highly selective antibacterial activity of novel alkyl quinolone alkaloids from a chinese herbal medicine, Gosyuyu (wu-chu-yu), against Helicobacter pylori in vitro","volume":"44","author":"Hamasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.12.016","article-title":"Gastroprotective and anti-secretory mechanisms of 2-phenylquinoline, an alkaloid isolated from Galipea longiflora","volume":"25","author":"Breviglieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.06.016","article-title":"Anti-ulcerogenic effect of cavidine against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer in mice and possible underlying mechanism","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.11.011","article-title":"Protective effect of chelerythrine against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.12.101","article-title":"Epiisopiloturine hydrochloride, an imidazole alkaloid isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus leaves, protects against naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats","volume":"87","author":"Nicolau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"376","article-title":"Alkaloids from apocynaceae: Origin, pharmacotherapeutic properties, and structureactivity studies","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Dey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.07.007","article-title":"Alkaloids from Mahonia bealei posses anti -H+\/K+-atpase anti-gastrin effects on pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.967","article-title":"The anti-gastropathic and anti-rheumatic effect of niga-ichigoside f1 and 23-hydroxytormentic acid isolated from the unripe fruits of Rubus coreanus in a rat model","volume":"29","author":"Nam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(17)30027-4","article-title":"Protective effect of essential oil of Pistacia atlantica desf. On peptic ulcer: Role of \u03b1-pinene","volume":"37","author":"Memariani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.03.002","article-title":"Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects of essential oil from Hyptis spicigera lam (Lamiaceae)","volume":"135","author":"Takayama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.07.026","article-title":"Gastroprotective effects of the essential oil of Hyptis crenata pohl ex benth on gastric ulcer models","volume":"149","author":"Diniz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.064","article-title":"Chemical characterization, toxicology and mechanism of gastric antiulcer action of essential oil from Gallesia integrifolia (spreng.) harms in the in vitro and in vivo experimental models","volume":"94","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.01.009","article-title":"The effect of a minor constituent of essential oil from Citrus aurantium: The role of \u03b2-myrcene in preventing peptic ulcer disease","volume":"212","author":"Bonamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.02.005","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect and mechanism of action of Croton rhamnifolioides essential oil in mice","volume":"89","author":"Vidal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104192a","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of anthocyanins from Rubus coreanus via association with regulation of the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.06.032","article-title":"Anti-ulcer mechanisms of polyphenols extract of euphorbia umbellata (pax) bruyns (euphorbiaceae)","volume":"191","author":"Minozzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.04.005","article-title":"Protective mechanism of gallic acid and its novel derivative against ethanol-induced gastric ulcerogenesis: Involvement of immunomodulation markers, hsp70 and bcl-2-associated x protein","volume":"16","author":"Abdelwahab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2013.07.012","article-title":"Comparative antibacterial effect of gallic acid and catechin against helicobacter pylori","volume":"54","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.01.006","article-title":"Synergistic effect of the combination of gallic acid and famotidine in protection of rat gastric mucosa","volume":"66","author":"Asokkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.020","article-title":"Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Caryocar coriaceum: Mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective activity","volume":"261","author":"Neto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990908c","article-title":"Free radical scavenging activity and antiulcer activity of garcinol from garcinia indica fruit rind","volume":"48","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2014.07.011","article-title":"Ulcer protective potential of standardized hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid isolated from Citrus sinensis","volume":"24","author":"Bigoniya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650080313","article-title":"Antiulcer effect of flavonoids. Role of endogenous paf","volume":"8","author":"Izzo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.07.011","article-title":"Piper umbellatum l.: A medical plant with gastric-ulcer protective and ulcer healing effects in experimental rodent models","volume":"192","author":"Junior","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2015.07.004","article-title":"Gastro-protective effects of the phenolic acids of Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram) on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats","volume":"12","author":"Panda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"358","article-title":"Protective role of ellagitannins from Eucalyptus citriodora against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation and calcitonin-gene related peptide","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.06.017","article-title":"Effect of Mouriri pusa tanins and flavonoids on prevention and treatment against experimental gastric ulcer","volume":"131","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.03.012","article-title":"Olive oil-induced reduction of oxidative damage and inflammation promotes wound healing of pressure ulcers in mice","volume":"83","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13123198","article-title":"Gastric and duodenal antiulcer activity of alkaloids: A review","volume":"13","author":"Falcao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.12.019","article-title":"Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) loud. In wistar rats","volume":"134","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032014000100013","article-title":"Anti-ulcer activity of Leguminosae plants","volume":"51","author":"Paguigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.08.007","article-title":"Hydroalcoholic extract from bark of Persea major (meisn.) l.E. Kopp (Lauraceae) exerts antiulcer effects in rodents by the strengthening of the gastric protective factors","volume":"209","author":"Somensi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2012-7-802","article-title":"Investigation on anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities of Anchusa azurea extracts and their major constituent rosmarinic acid","volume":"67","author":"Suleyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_183","unstructured":"Chemicals, D. (2005). OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.07.038","article-title":"In vivo antiulcer activity of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaf","volume":"137","author":"Zakaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.06.025","article-title":"Does the gastroprotective action of a medicinal plant ensure healing effects? An integrative study of the biological effects of Serjania marginata casar. (Sapindaceae) in rats","volume":"172","author":"Perico","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshi, M.J., Nondo, R.S., Haule, E.E., Mahunnah, R.L., and Kidukuli, A.W. (2014). Antimicrobial activity, acute toxicity and cytoprotective effect of Crassocephalum vitellinum (Benth.) s. Moore extract in a rat ethanol-hcl gastric ulcer model. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-91"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)03549-9","article-title":"A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments","volume":"96","author":"Litchfield","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.4238\/2012.August.24.9","article-title":"Genotoxicity of the medicinal plant Maytenus robusta in mammalian cells in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Raymundo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2012.685945","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of the chloroform extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaf","volume":"50","author":"Hisam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975450","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/975450","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of Clausena excavata leaves extract","volume":"2014","author":"Albaayit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid-Based Complem. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"2099","article-title":"Gastroprotective activity of Annona muricata leaves against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats via hsp70\/bax involvement","volume":"8","author":"Moghadamtousi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.09.046","article-title":"Gastroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Brassica oleracea Var. Acephala DC in different animal models","volume":"138","author":"Lemos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.04.006","article-title":"Antiulcer and gastric antisecretory effects of dichloromethane fraction and piplartine obtained from fruits of Piper tuberculatum Jacq. In rats","volume":"148","author":"Burci","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.03.011","article-title":"Safety and antiulcer efficacy studies of Achillea millefolium L. After chronic treatment in wistar rats","volume":"107","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.10.042","article-title":"Antiulcer activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Sedum dendroideum Moc et Sesse ex DC. (balsam)","volume":"158","author":"Carrasco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00183-1","article-title":"Antiinflammatory and antiulcer activities of Bambusa arundinacea","volume":"88","author":"Muniappan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(03)00155-5","article-title":"Oleanolic acid promotes healing of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric lesions in rats","volume":"48","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/7\/1751\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:12:38Z","timestamp":1760195558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/7\/1751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23071751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23071751","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]}}}