{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T20:43:08Z","timestamp":1772916188157,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study focuses on the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities of the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Cytisus villosus Pourr. HPLC-DAD-ESI\/MSn was used to identify the phenolic compounds, being (epi)gallocatechin dimer the major compound (111 \u00b1 5 \u00b5g\/g\u00b7dw) in the aqueous extract, while myricetin-O-rhamnoside (226 \u00b1 9 \u00b5g\/g\u00b7dw) was the main molecule in the ethyl acetate extract. Both extracts exhibited good scavenging activities against DPPH radical (EC50 \u00b5g\/mL of 59 \u00b1 2 and 31 \u00b1 2 for aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively). However, the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated more potent quenching activities than the aqueous extract. The antimicrobial activities were assessed on selected Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, as well as on pathogenic fungus Candida glabrata. The extracts possessed selective and potent antimicrobial activities against the Gram-positive bacterium (IC50 of 186 \u00b1 9 \u03bcg\/mL and 92 \u00b1 3 \u03bcg\/mL for aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively). Finally, C. villosus extracts were evaluated for their antiproliferative potential on three human cancer cell lines representing breast and colon cancers. Although both extracts demonstrated sufficient growth inhibition of the three different cell lines, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited higher activity (LD50 values of 1.57 \u00b1 0.06 mg\/mL, 2.2 \u00b1 0.1 mg\/mL, and 3.2 \u00b1 0.2 mg\/mL for T47D, MCF-7, and HCT-116 cell lines). Both the extracts obtained from the aerial parts of C. villosus revealed very promising results and could be applied as functional agents in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T10:52:01Z","timestamp":1533898321000},"page":"1994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Phenolic Compounds and Bioactivity of Cytisus villosus Pourr."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Amel","family":"Bouziane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Laghouat University, BP 37 G Ghardaia Road, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3124-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boulanouar","family":"Bakchiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Laghouat University, BP 37 G Ghardaia Road, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C.F.R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3455-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam A.","family":"AlSalamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Sanaa K.","family":"Bardaweel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nirmal, J., Babu, C.S., Harisudhan, T., and Ramanathan, M. (2008). Evaluation of behavioural and antioxidant activity of Cytisus scoparius Link in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-8-15"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.02.024","article-title":"Chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays to evaluate phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of wild plants","volume":"127","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.05.003","article-title":"Potential use of Cytisus scoparius extracts in topical applications for skin protection against oxidative damage","volume":"125","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.03.014","article-title":"Protective effects of phenolic constituents from Cytisus multiflorus, Lamium album L. and Thymus citriodorus on liver cells","volume":"5","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"812","article-title":"Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part XVI","volume":"40","author":"Goel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nedelcheva, A.M., Dogan, Y., and Guarrera, P.M. (2007). Plants traditionally used to make brooms in several European countries. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-3-20"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Quezel, P., and Santa, S. (1963). Nouvelle Flore de L\u2019Alg\u00e9rie et des R\u00e9gions D\u00e9sertiques M\u00e9ridionales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Chapingo."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2017.12.012","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Cytisus villosus Pourr","volume":"24","author":"Larit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.001","article-title":"Phenolic composition and inhibitory effect against oxidative DNA damage of cooked cowpeas as affected by simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"141","author":"Nderitu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.04.058","article-title":"Characterisation of phenolics by LC-UV\/Vis, LC-MS\/MS and sugars by GC in Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. \u201cMontgomery\u201d fruits","volume":"111","author":"Bystrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gori, A., Ferrini, F., Marzano, M.C., Tattini, M., Centritto, M., Baratto, M.C., Pogni, R., and Brunetti, C. (2016). Characterisation and antioxidant activity of crude extract and polyphenolic rich fractions from C. incanus leaves. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081344"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.11.060","article-title":"Identification of phenolic constituents in red chicory salads (Cichorium intybus) by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"138","author":"Carazzone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18032803","article-title":"Characterization of proanthocyanidins from Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don. (Fabaceae) by flow injection analysis\u2014Electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography\/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Tala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05201","article-title":"Metabolic Response of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Leaves Exposed to the Angular Leaf Spot Bacterium (Xanthomonas fragariae)","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.12.027","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic-rich cranberry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extracts and enhanced cellular antioxidant enzyme activities in Caco-2 cells","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.05.103","article-title":"Characterization of C-glycosyl flavones O-glycosylated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1161","author":"Ferreres","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01778A","article-title":"Contribution of the phenolic composition to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor potential of Equisetum giganteum L. and Tilia platyphyllos Scop","volume":"8","author":"Jabeur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"104","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of Cytisus triflorus l\u2019H\u00e9rit. Extracts as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"7","author":"Fazouane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01717.x","article-title":"Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of phenolic compounds found in navel oranges","volume":"75","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.085","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activities against cariogenic streptococci and their antioxidant capacities: A comparative study of green tea versus different herbs","volume":"110","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"157","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of quercetin on periodontal pathogens","volume":"19","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. R. Australas. Coll. Dent. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"701","article-title":"Myricetin induces cell death of human colon cancer cells via BAX\/BCL2-dependent pathway","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2013.29.4.229","article-title":"Anti-cancer effect and underlying mechanism(s) of Kaempferol, a phytoestrogen, on the regulation of apoptosis in diverse cancer cell models","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2174\/156652412798889063","article-title":"Anti-Cancer Activities of Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Breast Cancer Patients under Radiotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.01.025","article-title":"Antitumor activities of quercetin and quercetin-5\u2032,8-disulfonate in human colon and breast cancer cell lines","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580802666281","article-title":"Kaempferol inhibits angiogenesis and VEGF expression through both HIF dependent and independent pathways in human ovarian cancer cells","volume":"61","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.04.028","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of some algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds","volume":"97","author":"Djeridane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.04.065","article-title":"Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f.: An underexploited and highly disseminated species","volume":"89","author":"Bessada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.01.020","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of eight Algerian plant extracts and two essential oils","volume":"46","author":"Boulanouar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.12816\/0027043","article-title":"Synergism and Efficacy of Some Naturally Occurring D-Amino Acids against Clinically Relevant Bacterial and Fungal Species","volume":"7","author":"Bardaweel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jordan J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardaweel, S.K., Hudaib, M.M., Tawaha, K.A., and Bashatwah, R.M. (2015). Studies on the in vitro antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities associated with Chrysanthemum coronarium essential oil. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/790838"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2013-0032","article-title":"An in vitro based investigation into the cytotoxic effects of D-amino acids","volume":"63","author":"Bardaweel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/1994\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:17:54Z","timestamp":1760195874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/1994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23081994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23081994","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]}}}