{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:53:53Z","timestamp":1772229233359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT\/MCT) and European Funds (PRODER\/COMPETE)  co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020","award":["M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015-PAIRED"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015-PAIRED"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The encapsulation of bicyclic monoterpene \u03b1-pinene into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) is reported using experimental factorial design, followed by high-end dispersion analyzer LUMiSizer\u00ae. This equipment allows the characterization of the \u03b1-pinene-loaded SLN instability phenomena (e.g., sedimentation, flotation or coagulation), as well as the determination of the velocity distribution in the centrifugal field and the particle size distribution. In this work, SLN were produced by hot high-pressure homogenization technique. The influence of the independent variables, surfactant and lipid ratio on the physicochemical properties of SLN, such as mean particle size (Z-Ave), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP), was estimated using a 22-factorial design. The Z-Ave and PDI were analyzed by dynamic light scattering, while ZP measurements were recorded by electrophoretic light scattering. Based on the obtained results, the optimal SLN dispersion was composed of 1 wt.% of \u03b1-pinene, 4 wt.% of solid lipid (Imwitor\u00ae 900 K) and 2.5 wt.% of surfactant (Poloxamer 188), depicting 136.7 nm of Z-Ave, 0.170 of PDI and 0 mV of ZP. Furthermore, LUMISizer\u00ae has been successfully used in the stability analysis of \u03b1-pinene-loaded SLN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T10:48:19Z","timestamp":1563965299000},"page":"2683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Development and Optimization of Alpha-Pinene-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) Using Experimental Factorial Design and Dispersion Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, 61-712 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9587-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Durazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Lucarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Soukaina El","family":"Mamouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli NA, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1113-9011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, 61-712 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli NA, Italy"}]},{"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2008.00433.x","article-title":"Cosmetic features and applications of lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC)","volume":"30","author":"Souto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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