{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:38:16Z","timestamp":1776775096892,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/103615\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/103615\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project UID\/Multi\/00195\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project UID\/Multi\/00195\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrochemical technologies have been broadly applied in wastewaters treatment, but few studies have focused on comparing the performance of the different electrochemical processes, especially when used to treat highly-polluted streams. The electrochemical treatment of a reverse osmosis concentrate of sanitary landfill leachate was performed by means of electrocoagulation (EC), anodic oxidation (AO) and electro-Fenton (EF) processes, and the use of different electrode materials and experimental conditions was assessed. All the studied processes and experimental conditions were effective in organic load removal. The results obtained showed that EC, with stainless steel electrodes, is the cheapest process, although it presents the disadvantage of sludge formation with high iron content. At high applied current intensity, AO presents the best treatment time\/energy consumption ratio, especially if the samples\u2019 initial pH is corrected to 3. However, pH correction from natural to 3 deeply decreases nitrogen-containing compounds\u2019 removal. For longer treatment time, the EF process with a carbon-felt cathode and a BDD anode, performed at natural iron content and low applied current intensity, is the most favorable solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"2905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Performance of Electrochemical Processes in the Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrates of Sanitary Landfill Leachate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7299-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumaima","family":"Chamem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lurdes","family":"Cir\u00edaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Moncef","family":"Zairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.04.023","article-title":"Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes","volume":"51","author":"Panizza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2006.11.016","article-title":"Catalytic behavior of the Fe3+\/Fe2+ system in the electro-Fenton degradation of the antimicrobial chlorophene","volume":"72","author":"Garrido","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6570","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900136g","article-title":"Electro-Fenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on Fenton\u2019s reaction chemistry","volume":"109","author":"Brillas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-011-0337-z","article-title":"Unprecedented total mineralization of atrazine and cyanuric acid by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton with a boron-doped diamond anode","volume":"10","author":"Oturan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2783-1","article-title":"Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: Today and tomorrow. A review","volume":"21","author":"Brillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.006","article-title":"Degradation of tyrosol by a novel electro-Fenton process using pyrite as heterogeneous source of iron catalyst","volume":"74","author":"Ammar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.03.052","article-title":"Review on the electrochemical processes for the treatment of sanitary landfill leachates: Present and future","volume":"176-177","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13362","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00361","article-title":"Single and coupled electrochemical processes and reactors for the abatement of organic water pollutants: A critical review","volume":"115","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.07.010","article-title":"Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for wastewater treatment","volume":"11","author":"Panizza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.06.069","article-title":"Electrochemical treatment of concentrate from reverse osmosis of sanitary landfill leachate","volume":"181","author":"Labiadh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.06.088","article-title":"Electro-Fenton oxidation of reverse osmosis concentrate from sanitary landfill leachate: Evaluation of operational parameters","volume":"184","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1021\/ie061373x","article-title":"Electrochemical treatment of landfill leachates using a boron-doped diamond anode","volume":"46","author":"Cabeza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.10.035","article-title":"Treatment of leachate by electrocoagulation using aluminum and iron electrodes","volume":"154","author":"Ilhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.05.073","article-title":"Laboratory and pilot plant scale study on the electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate","volume":"181","author":"Anglada","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.07.032","article-title":"Treatment of the OUED SMAR town landfill leachate by an electrochemical reactor","volume":"280","author":"Bouhezila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"426","article-title":"Application of Doehlert matrix to determine the optimal conditions for landfill leachate treatment by electro-Fenton process","volume":"3","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.10.060","article-title":"Nitrogen and organic load removal from sanitary landfill leachates by anodic oxidation at Ti\/Pt\/PbO2, Ti\/Pt\/SnO2-Sb2O4 and Si\/BDD","volume":"148-149","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zailani, L.W.M., and Zin, N.S.M. (2018). Application of electrocoagulation in various wastewater and leachate treatment\u2014A review. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth  Environ. Sci., 140.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/140\/1\/012052"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"199","article-title":"Landfill leachate treatment through electro-Fenton oxidation","volume":"5","author":"Mohajeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pollution"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024049324967","article-title":"Influence of various parameters on the electrochemical treatment of landfill leachates","volume":"33","author":"Vlyssides","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Peralta-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.M., Rodrigo-Rodrigo, M.A., and Mart\u00ednez-Huitle, C.A. (2014). Electrocoagulation for landfill leachate treatment: A review of patents and research articles. Evaluation of Electrochemical Reactors as a New Way to Environmental Protection, Research Signpost."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"745","article-title":"TOC and COD removal from municipal solid waste leachate using electrocoagulation method","volume":"8","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2003.10.006","article-title":"Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comninellis, C., and Chen, G. (2010). Electrocoagulation in water treatment. Electrochemistry for the Environment, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68318-8"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.07.054","article-title":"Effect of electrochemical treatments on the biodegradability of sanitary landfill leachates","volume":"144","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.07.003","article-title":"Trends in the use of Fenton, electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton for the treatment of landfill leachate","volume":"30","author":"Umar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2008.01.002","article-title":"Carbon sponge as a new cathode material for the electro-Fenton process: Comparison with carbon felt cathode and application to degradation of synthetic dye basic blue 3 in aqueous medium","volume":"616","author":"Oturan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.10.028","article-title":"Electro-Fenton degradation of synthetic dyes","volume":"43","author":"Panizza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.09.014","article-title":"Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for sanitary landfill leachate remediation: Evaluation of operational variables","volume":"182","author":"Moreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6541","DOI":"10.1021\/cr9001319","article-title":"Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants","volume":"109","author":"Panizza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.05.011","article-title":"Trends in electro-Fenton process for water and wastewater treatment: An overview","volume":"299","author":"Nidheesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.04.007","article-title":"Treatment of an azo dye effluent by peroxi-coagulation and its comparison to traditional electrochemical advanced processes","volume":"204","author":"Fajardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201701238","article-title":"Use of Pt and boron-doped diamond anodes in the electrochemical advanced oxidation of Ponceau SS diazo dye in acidic sulfate medium","volume":"5","author":"Brillas","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.1021\/es971094o","article-title":"Electrochemical treatment of landfill leachate: Oxidation at Ti\/PbO2 and Ti\/SnO2 anodes","volume":"32","author":"Cossu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.02.015","article-title":"Assessment of the formation of inorganic oxidation by-products during the electrocatalytic treatment of ammonium from landfill leachates","volume":"46","author":"Saiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.2214","article-title":"Contributions of electrochemical oxidation to waste-water treatment: Fundamentals and review of applications","volume":"84","author":"Anglada","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Eaton, A., Clesceri, L., Rice, E., Greenberg, A., and Franson, M.A. (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"ISO 6332:1988 (1988). Water Quality\u2014Determination of Iron\u2014Spectrometric Method Using 1,10-Phenanthroline, ISO."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2004.10.001","article-title":"Simple and fast spectrophotometric determination of H2O2 in photo-Fenton reactions using metavanadate","volume":"66","author":"Nogueira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/16\/2905\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:07Z","timestamp":1760188207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/16\/2905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24162905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24162905","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]}}}