{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:03:02Z","timestamp":1776402182734,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CTM\/50011\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50011\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/QUI\/00062\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/00062\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04326\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04326\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/105541\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/105541\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/81882\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/81882\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/100627\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/100627\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0055 ALGARED+ 5E - INTERREG V-A Espan\u0303a-Portugal"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0055 ALGARED+ 5E - INTERREG V-A Espan\u0303a-Portugal"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial production of microalgal biomass for food and feed is a recent worldwide trend. Although it is common to publish nutritional data for microalgae grown at the lab-scale, data about industrial strains cultivated in an industrial setting are scarce in the literature. Thus, here we present the nutritional composition and a microbiological and toxicological evaluation of Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 biomass, cultivated in 100-m3 photobioreactors at an industrial production facility (AlgaFarm). This microalga contained high amounts of protein (31.2 g\/100 g), dietary fibres (24.6 g\/100 g), digestible carbohydrates (18.1 g\/100 g) and ashes (15.2 g\/100 g), but low lipid content (7.04 g\/100 g). The biomass displayed a balanced amount of essential amino acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and starch-like polysaccharides. Significant levels of chlorophyll (3.5 g\/100 g), carotenoids (0.61 g\/100 g), and vitamins (e.g., 79.2 mg ascorbic acid \/100 g) were also found in the biomass. Conversely, pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, cyanotoxins, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides were absent. The biomass showed moderate antioxidant activity in several in vitro assays. Taken together, as the biomass produced has a balanced biochemical composition of macronutrients and (pro-)vitamins, lacking any toxic contaminants, these results suggest that this strain can be used for nutritional applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T03:06:14Z","timestamp":1567479974000},"page":"3192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Nutritional Potential and Toxicological Evaluation of Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 Microalgal Biomass Produced in Industrial Photobioreactors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1369-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMP\u2014Cimentos Maceira e Pataias, ALGAFARM - Unidade de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Microalgas, 2445-411 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1ra","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Katkam N.","family":"Gangadhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7217-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8898-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0196-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEG\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P.\/Bioenergy Unit, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7341","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401957z","article-title":"Potential and Limitation of a New Defatted Diatom Microalgal Biomass in Replacing Soybean Meal and Corn in Diets for Broiler Chickens","volume":"61","author":"Austic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7159","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901070g","article-title":"Innovative Natural Functional Ingredients from Microalgae","volume":"57","author":"Plaza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.3390\/md9061056","article-title":"Marine Bioactives as Functional Food Ingredients: Potential to Reduce the Incidence of Chronic Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Lordan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00409E","article-title":"Microalgae as healthy ingredients for functional food: a review","volume":"8","author":"Matos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00058","article-title":"Trends in Microalgae Incorporation Into Innovative Food Products With Potential Health Benefits","volume":"5","author":"Caporgno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0098-0","article-title":"Fatty acid composition and biological activities of Isochrysis galbana T.-ISO, Tetraselmis sp. and Scenedesmus sp.: Possible application in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries","volume":"26","author":"Soares","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camacho, F., Macedo, A., and Malcata, F. (2019). Potential Industrial Applications and Commercialization of Microalgae in the Functional Food and Feed Industries: A Short Review. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060312"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.101.87","article-title":"Commercial applications of microalgae","volume":"101","author":"Spolaore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-9983-9","article-title":"High-value products from microalgae\u2014Their development and commercialization","volume":"25","author":"Borowitzka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreira, L., Pereira, H., Gangadhar, K.N., Cust\u00f3dio, L., and Varela, J. (2015). Medicinal Effects of Microalgae-Derived Fatty Acids. Handbook of Marine Microalgae, Elsevier BV.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800776-1.00013-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00068","article-title":"Bioactivity Screening of Microalgae for Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anticancer, Anti-Diabetes, and Antibacterial Activities","volume":"3","author":"Lauritano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauritano, C., and Ianora, A. (2016). Marine Organisms with Anti-Diabetes Properties. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14120220"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.017","article-title":"An anti-inflammatory effect of red microalga polysaccharides in coronary artery endothelial cells","volume":"264","author":"Huleihel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vera, C., D\u00edaz Cresp\u00edn, G., Hern\u00e1ndez Daranas, A., Montalv\u00e3o Looga, S., Lillsunde, K.E., Tammela, P., Per\u00e4l\u00e4, M., Hongisto, V., Virtanen, J., and Rischer, H. (2018). Marine microalgae: Promising source for new bioactive compounds. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16090317"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, K.A.M., Lauritano, C., Romano, G., and Ianora, A. (2018). Marine Microalgae with Anti-Cancer Properties. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16050165"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3390\/md10091920","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine Macroalgae: Potential for Nutritional and Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"134","article-title":"Microalgae of different phyla display antioxidant, metal chelating and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities","volume":"78","author":"Justo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6708","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02615","article-title":"Mycosporine-like Amino Acids and Other Phytochemicals Directly Detected by High-Resolution NMR on Klamath ( Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ) Blue-Green Algae","volume":"64","author":"Parenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41215","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41215","article-title":"The green microalga Tetraselmis suecica reduces oxidative stress and induces repairing mechanisms in human cells","volume":"7","author":"Sansone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-014-1462-z","article-title":"Protein\u2013protein interaction network of the marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis: prediction and application for starch metabolism analysis","volume":"41","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.07.046","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of soluble protein from the green microalgae Tetraselmis sp.","volume":"102","author":"Schwenzfeier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35663","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35663","article-title":"Isolation of a euryhaline microalgal strain, Tetraselmis sp. CTP4, as a robust feedstock for biodiesel production","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23340-3","article-title":"Scale-up and large-scale production of Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 (Chlorophyta) for CO2 mitigation: From an agar plate to 100-m3 industrial photobioreactors","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.10.027","article-title":"Urban wastewater treatment by Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 (Chlorophyta)","volume":"223","author":"Schulze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.03.017","article-title":"Comparison of microalgal biomasses as functional food ingredients: Focus on the composition of cell wall related polysaccharides","volume":"32","author":"Bernaerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana","volume":"68","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164692","article-title":"Growth and biochemical composition with emphasis on the fatty acids of Tetraselmis sp.","volume":"36","author":"Molina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/10498850.2012.664803","article-title":"Effect of the Inclusion of Dried Tetraselmis suecica on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Fillet Composition of European Sea Bass Juveniles Fed Organic Diets","volume":"21","author":"Tulli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, July 05). United States Department of Agriculture (2018) Basic Report: 11667, Seaweed, Spirulina, Dried, Available online: https:\/\/ndb.nal.usda.gov\/ndb\/foods\/show\/11667."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.369","article-title":"Nutritional composition, quality, and shelf stability of processed Ruspolia nitidula (edible grasshoppers)","volume":"5","author":"Ssepuuya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.12.012","article-title":"Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids and chitin","volume":"105","author":"Caligiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-014-0428-x","article-title":"Chemical composition and nutritional properties of freshwater and marine microalgal biomass cultured in photobioreactors","volume":"27","author":"Tibbetts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(92)90193-E","article-title":"Biochemical composition of microalgae from the green algal classes Chlorophyceae and Prasinophyceae. 2. Lipid classes and fatty acids","volume":"161","author":"Dunstan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-006-9060-3","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed","volume":"15","author":"Patil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(91)90007-J","article-title":"The amino-acid and sugar composition of 16 species of microalgae used in mariculture","volume":"145","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Boil. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.09.048","article-title":"Enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of Tetraselmis suecica for polysaccharide characterization","volume":"173","author":"Sommer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.1998.340779.x","article-title":"The cell wall (theca) of Tetraselmis striata (chlorophyta): macromolecular composition and structural elements of the complex polysaccharides","volume":"34","author":"Becker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)84698-1","article-title":"Carbohydrate composition and characterization of two unusual sugars from the blue green alga Spirulina platensis","volume":"26","author":"Shekharam","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79959283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2004.04.009","article-title":"The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption","volume":"15","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0772","article-title":"Heme and Chlorophyll Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"Balder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3390\/md9091607","article-title":"Enhancement of Lutein Production in Chlorella sorokiniana (Chorophyta) by Improvement of Culture Conditions and Random Mutagenesis","volume":"9","author":"Cordero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6792-x","article-title":"Induced carotenoid accumulation in Dunaliella salina and Tetraselmis suecica by plant hormones and UV-C radiation","volume":"99","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination of Microalgal Lipid Content and Fatty Acid for Biofuel Production","volume":"2018","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.05.107","article-title":"Profiling of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of microalgae from subtropical coastal and brackish waters","volume":"165","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"259","article-title":"Vitamin content of four marine microalgae. Potential use as source of vitamins in nutrition","volume":"5","author":"Herrero","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"247","article-title":"The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Boil. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0344(03)00040-6","article-title":"Vitamin E (\u03b1-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Tetraselmis suecica in batch cultivation","volume":"20","author":"Tuan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Cruz-Su\u00e1rez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Gaxiola-Cort\u00e9s, M.G., and Simoes, N. (2002). Nutritional value and use of microalgae in aquaculture. Avances En Nutrici\u00f3n Acu\u00edcola, proceeding of Memorias Del VI Simposium Internacional de Nutrici\u00f3n Acu\u00edcola, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2005.04.014","article-title":"Vitamin losses: Retention during heat treatment and continual changes expressed by mathematical models","volume":"19","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compost. Anal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/401265","article-title":"Effect of Selenate on Viability and Selenomethionine Accumulation ofChlorella sorokinianaGrown in Batch Culture","volume":"2014","author":"Gojkovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2004.02.013","article-title":"Molecular bases of the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with antioxidants: prevention of oxidative stress","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290096513","article-title":"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of BHT","volume":"21","author":"Lanigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-009-1178-x","article-title":"Chelating, antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Vicia sativa polyphenol extracts","volume":"230","author":"Alaiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.08.027","article-title":"Occurrence of cellobiose residues directly linked to galacturonic acid in pectic polysaccharides","volume":"87","author":"Nunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600340","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201600340","article-title":"The key role of sulfation and branching on fucoidan antitumor activity","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3354\/meps077183","article-title":"Improved HPLC method for the analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton","volume":"77","author":"Wright","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.08.061","article-title":"Unravelling the antioxidant potential and the phenolic composition of different anatomical organs of the marine halophyte Limonium algarvense","volume":"77","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/17\/3192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:16:15Z","timestamp":1760188575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/17\/3192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24173192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24173192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]}}}