{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:29:27Z","timestamp":1773210567120,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils are odorant liquid oily products consisting of a complex mixture of volatile compounds obtained from a plant raw material. They have been increasingly proven to act as potential natural agents in the treatment of several human conditions, including diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia closely related to carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism disturbances. In order to explore novel approaches for the management of DM our group proposes the encapsulation of sucupira essential oil, obtained from the fruits of the Brazilian plants of the genus Pterodon, in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), a second generation of lipid nanoparticles which act as new controlled drug delivery system (DDS). Encapsulation was performed by hot high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique and the samples were then analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) for mean average size and polydispersity index (PI) and by electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) for zeta potential (ZP), immediately after production and after 24 h of storage at 4 \u00b0C. An optimal sucupira-loaded NLC was found to consist of 0.5% (m\/V) sucupira oil, 4.5% (m\/V) of Kollivax\u00ae GMS II and 1.425% (m\/V) of TPGS (formulation no. 6) characterized by a mean particle size ranging from 148.1 \u00b1 0.9815 nm (0 h) to 159.3 \u00b1 9.539 nm (at 24 h), a PI from 0.274 \u00b1 0.029 (0 h) to 0.305 \u00b1 0.028 (24 h) and a ZP from \u22120.00236 \u00b1 0.147 mV (at 0 h) to 0.125 \u00b1 0.162 (at 24 h). The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were 99.98% and 9.6%, respectively. The optimized formulation followed a modified release profile fitting the first order kinetics, over a period of 8 h. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed against Caco-2 cell lines, for which the cell viability above 90% confirmed the non-cytotoxic profile of both blank and sucupira oil-loaded NLC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T11:50:28Z","timestamp":1581076228000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Sucupira Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC): Lipid Screening, Factorial Design, Release Profile, and Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil"},{"name":"Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, 49032-490 Aracaju, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute for Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA"}]},{"given":"Luciana A.","family":"Nalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil"},{"name":"Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, 49032-490 Aracaju, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Selma B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Lucarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA\u2014Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Durazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA\u2014Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7947","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202012u","article-title":"Evaluation of a Medium-Polarity Ionic Liquid Stationary Phase in the Analysis of Flavor and Fragrance Compounds","volume":"83","author":"Ragonese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. 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