{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:28:20Z","timestamp":1777408100994,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,23]],"date-time":"2020-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of isothiazole and of compounds containing the isothiazole nucleus has been growing over the last few years. Isothiazolinones are used in cosmetic and as chemical additives for occupational and industrial usage due to their bacteriostatic and fungiostatic activity. Despite their effectiveness as biocides, isothiazolinones are strong sensitizers, producing skin irritations and allergies and may pose ecotoxicological hazards. Therefore, their use is restricted by EU legislation. Considering the relevance and importance of isothiazolinone biocides, the present review describes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding their synthesis, antibacterial components, toxicity (including structure\u2013activity\u2013toxicity relationships) outlines, and (photo)chemical stability. Due to the increasing prevalence and impact of isothiazolinones in consumer\u2019s health, analytical methods for the identification and determination of this type of biocides were also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1582773676000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\/School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"E. Manuela","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\/School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIQUP\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\/School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIQUP\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aihch.2016.04.010","article-title":"Thiazole and Isothiazole Ring-Containing Compounds in Crop Protection","volume":"121","author":"Maienfisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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