{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:30:38Z","timestamp":1776400238894,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019; PAMI - ROTEIRO\/0328\/2013 (No. 022158)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2019; PAMI - ROTEIRO\/0328\/2013 (No. 022158)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science &amp; Technology, New Delhi","award":["DST-PURSE-Phase-II program [Grant No. SR\/PURSE PHASE-2\/13 (G)]."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST-PURSE-Phase-II program [Grant No. SR\/PURSE PHASE-2\/13 (G)]."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sodium alginate (NaAlg) based membranes were prepared using a solution technique, crosslinked with poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-co-MA). Subsequently, the membranes were modified by the incorporation of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% w\/w of titanium dioxide with respect to sodium alginate. The membranes thus obtained were designated as M, M-1, M-2, M-3 and M-4, respectively. An equilibrium swelling experiment was performed using different compositions of the water and isopropanol mixtures. Subsequently, we used a pervaporation cell fitted with each membrane in order to evaluate the extent of the pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol. Among the membranes studied, the membranes containing 40 mass% of titanium dioxide exhibited the highest separation factor(\u03b1) of 24,092, with a flux(J) of 18.61 \u00d7 10\u22122 kg\/m2\u2219h at 30 \u00b0C for 10 mass% w\/w of water in the feed. The total flux and the flux of water were found to overlap with each other, indicating that these membranes can be effectively used to break the azeotropic point of water\u2013isopropanol mixtures. The results clearly indicate that these nanocomposite membranes exhibit an excellent performance in the dehydration of isopropanol. The activation energy values obtained for the water permeation were significantly lower than those of the isopropanol permeation, underlining that these membranes have a high separation ability for the water\u2013isopropanol system. The estimated activation energies for total permeation (EP) and total diffusion (ED) values ranged between 10.60 kJ\u2219mol\u22121 and 3.96 kJ\u2219mol\u22121, and 10.76 kJ\u2219mol\u22121 and 4.29 kJ\u2219mol\u22121, respectively. The negative change in the enthalpy values for all the membranes indicates that sorption was mainly dominated by Langmuir\u2019s mode of sorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T08:58:59Z","timestamp":1584089939000},"page":"1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Crosslinked Nanocomposite Sodium Alginate-Based Membranes with Titanium Dioxide for the Dehydration of Isopropanol by Pervaporation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"H.G.","family":"Premakshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"P. G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India"}]},{"given":"Mahadevappa Y.","family":"Kariduraganavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P. G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey R.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rapid &amp; Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-012-6899-8","article-title":"Plasma-treated polyethersulfone coated with crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol): Composite membranes for pervaporation dehydration of ethanol","volume":"48","author":"Habert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.1039\/b806303f","article-title":"Structure and permeation of organic inorganic hybrid membranes composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and polysilisesquioxane","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1021\/cm011074s","article-title":"Bridged polysilsesquioxanes molecular-engineered hybrid organic\u2212inorganic materials","volume":"13","author":"Shea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1293-2558(00)00141-2","article-title":"Inorganic membranes and solid state sciences","volume":"2","author":"Cot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1039\/b509097k","article-title":"Applications of hybrid organic\u2013inorganic nanocomposites","volume":"15","author":"Sanchez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(00)00036-8","article-title":"Transport phenomena through polymeric systems","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.07.038","article-title":"Facile preparation of homogeneous polyelectrolyte complex membranes for separation of methanol\/methyl tert-butyl ether mixtures","volume":"447","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0609719","article-title":"Dehydration of isopropanol by novel poly(vinyl alcohol)-silicone hybrid membranes","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.19101\/IJATEE.2016.324004","article-title":"A case study on separation of IPA-water mixture by extractive distillation using aspen plus","volume":"3","author":"Kalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Techn. Eng. Explor."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(95)00240-5","article-title":"Pervaporation of ethanol-water mixtures through polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylamide interpenetrating polymer network membranes unsupported and supported on polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes: A comparison","volume":"110","author":"Ruckenstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1995.070570107","article-title":"Modified free-volume model for pervaporation of water\/ethanol mixtures through membranes containing hydrophilic groups or ions","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19990411)72:2<241::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Pervaporation separation of water-isopropanol mixture using carboxymethylated poly(vinyl alcohol) composite membranes","volume":"72","author":"Nam","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)00515-9","article-title":"Bhattacharyya, Pervaporation of alcohol-water and dimethylformamide-water mixtures using hydrophilic zeolite NaY membranes: Mechanisms and experimental results","volume":"179","author":"Shah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2014.11.014","article-title":"Modification of crosslinked chitosan membrane using NaY zeolite for pervaporation separation of water\u2013isopropanol mixtures","volume":"94","author":"Premakshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05274A","article-title":"Development of pervaporation membranes using chitosan and titanium glycine-N,Ndimethylphosphonate for dehydration of isopropanol","volume":"3","author":"Premakshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21149","article-title":"Pervaporation separation of water\u2013acetic acid mixtures through NaY Zeolite-incorporated sodium alginate membranes","volume":"94","author":"Kittur","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9088","DOI":"10.1021\/ie060085y","article-title":"Separation of ethanol\u2013water mixtures by pervaporation using sodium alginate\/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blend membrane crosslinked with phosphoric acid","volume":"45","author":"Swayampakula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19980822)69:8<1607::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Characterization of permeation behaviors of ethanol\u2013water mixtures through sodium alginate membrane with crosslinking membrane with crosslinking gradient during pervaporation separation","volume":"69","author":"Yeom","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19980110)67:2<209::AID-APP3>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Characterization of sodium alginate membrane crosslinked with glutaraldehyde in pervaporation separation","volume":"67","author":"Yeom","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(99)00071-X","article-title":"Characteristics of sodium alginate membranes for the pervaporation dehydration of ethanol-water and isopropanol-water mixtures","volume":"160","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2013.02.038","article-title":"Solving the trade-off phenomenon in separation of water-dioxin mixtures by pervaporation through crosslinked sodium\u2013alginate membranes with polystyrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid","volume":"94","author":"Rachipudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11802","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA19858E","article-title":"Development of composite anion-exchange membranes using poly(vinyl alcohol) and silica precursor for pervaporation separation of water\u2013isopropanol mixtures","volume":"6","author":"Premakshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.10.032","article-title":"In situ ultraviolet-light-induced TiO2 nanohybrid superhydrophilic membrane for pervaporation dehydration","volume":"122","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sep. Puri. Techn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.1021\/ie8016626","article-title":"Organic inorganic hybrid membranes: Solving the trade-off phenomenon between permeation flux and selectivity in pervaporation","volume":"48","author":"Kariduraganavar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/41233","article-title":"Light-induced amphiphilic surfaces","volume":"388","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/238037a0","article-title":"Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode","volume":"238","author":"Fujishima","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(02)00949-5","article-title":"Hydrophilicity of thin films obtained by radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition","volume":"422","author":"Sirghi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.1021\/la0303207","article-title":"Light excited super-hydrophilicity of amorphous TiO2 thin films deposited in an aqueous peroxotitanate solution","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1021\/es061228a","article-title":"Role of moisture in adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation and reemission of elemental mercury on a SiO2-TiO2 nanocomposite","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.09.039","article-title":"Novel nanocomposite membranes of sodium alginate filled with polyaniline-coated titanium dioxide for dehydration of 1,4-dioxane\/water mixtures","volume":"233","author":"Lokesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.08.088","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of TiO2-regenerated cellulose inorganic-polymer hybrid membranes for dehydration of caprolactam","volume":"87","author":"Zhua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2010.06.012","article-title":"Study of pervaporation for dehydration of caprolactum through blend NaAlg-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) membranes on PAN supports","volume":"74","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)00407-5","article-title":"Effects of Ca2+ bridge cross-linking on structure and pervaporation of cellulose\/alginate blend membranes","volume":"175","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2005.04.015","article-title":"Super-hydrophilic amorphous titanium dioxide thin film deposited by cathodic electrodeposition","volume":"93","author":"Karuppuchamy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(02)00311-3","article-title":"Salt retention in nanofiltration with multilayer ceramic TiO2 membranes","volume":"209","author":"Gestel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2004.03.033","article-title":"Development of novel pervaporation membranes for the separation of water-isopropanol mixtures using sodium alginate and NaY zeolite","volume":"238","author":"Kariduraganavar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1002\/app.11312","article-title":"Syntheses and characterization of blend membranes of sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) for the pervaporation separation of water isopropanol mixtures","volume":"86","author":"Kurkuri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.10.059","article-title":"Pervaporation studies of sodium alginate (SA)\/dextrin blend membranes for separation of water and isopropanol mixture","volume":"269","author":"Saraswathi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1002\/app.10816","article-title":"Pervaporation separation of water isopropyl alcohol mixtures with blend membranes of sodium alginate and poly(acrylamide)-grafted guar gum","volume":"85","author":"Toti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2003.10.008","article-title":"Different viscosity grade sodium alginate and modified sodium alginate membranes in pervaporation separation of water + acetic acid and water + isopropanol mixtures","volume":"228","author":"Toti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2005.08.006","article-title":"Mesoporous molecular sieve (MCM-41)-filled sodium alginate hybrid nanocomposite membranes for pervaporation separation of water-isopropanol mixtures","volume":"49","author":"Bhat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.11.044","article-title":"Novel sodium alginate composite membranes incorporated with SBA-15 molecular sieves for the pervaporation dehydration of aqueous mixtures of isopropanol and 1,4-dioxane at 30 \u00b0C","volume":"91","author":"Bhat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2005.12.025","article-title":"Novel sodium alginate-Na+MMT hybrid composite membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol, 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran","volume":"51","author":"Bhat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.08.042","article-title":"Novel approach for the development of pervaporation membranes using sodium alginate and chitosan-wrapped multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the dehydration of isopropanol","volume":"425-426","author":"Sajjan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.08.610","article-title":"Development of crosslinked sodium alginate membranes for using polystyrene sulphonic co-malic acid for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol","volume":"44","author":"Kariduraganavar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Precedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)83350-5","article-title":"Sorption, diffusion and pervaporation of organics in polymer membranes","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Hwang, S.T., and Kammermeyer, K. (1975). Membrane in Separation, Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(93)E0217-8","article-title":"Pervaporation of ethanol\/water through a poly(vinyl alcohol)\/cyclodextrin (PVA\/CD) membrane","volume":"89","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2014.10.027","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of GTMAC grafted chitosan membranes for the dehydration of low water content isopropanol by pervaporation","volume":"25","author":"Sajjan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(99)00107-6","article-title":"Dehydration of acetic acid by pervaporation with charged membranes","volume":"161","author":"Kusumocahyo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-015-1515-0","article-title":"Development of novel alginate-silica hybrid membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol","volume":"73","author":"Choudhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)80635-3","article-title":"Pervaporation separation of aqueous mixtures using crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes. III. Permeation of acetic acid-water mixtures","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of structural order on barrier properties","volume":"Volume 423","author":"Koros","year":"1990","journal-title":"Barrier Polymers and Structures"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/6\/1298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:06:26Z","timestamp":1760173586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/6\/1298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25061298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25061298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]}}}