{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:34:51Z","timestamp":1771014891957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/QUI\/00616\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/00616\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Valorisation of industrial low-value waste residues was preconized. Hence, carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from wastewaters of the cork industry\u2014an abundant and affordable, but environmentally-problematic industrial effluent. The carbon nanomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterised, and their photophysical properties were analysed by an ensemble of spectroscopy techniques. Afterwards, they were successfully applied as highly-sensitive fluorescence probes for the direct detection of haemproteins. Haemoglobin, cytochrome c and myoglobin were selected as specific targets owing to their relevant roles in living organisms, wherein their deficiencies or surpluses are associated with several medical conditions. For all of them, remarkable responses were achieved, allowing their detection at nanomolar levels. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, ground-state UV\u2013Vis absorption and electronic circular dichroism techniques were used to investigate the probable mechanisms behind the fluorescence turn-off of C-dots. Extensive experimental evidence points to a static quenching mechanism. Likewise, resonance energy transfer and collisional quenching have been discarded as excited-state deactivating mechanisms. It was additionally found that an oxidative, photoinduced electron transfer occurs for cytochrome c, the most electron-deficient protein. Besides, C-dots prepared from citric acid\/ethylenediamine were comparatively assayed for protein detection and the differences between the two types of nanomaterials highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1589801654000},"page":"2320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Marta R.","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra I.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-Vila Real, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio N.","family":"Berberan-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 V.","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-Vila Real, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR05712K","article-title":"Recent advances in carbon nanodots: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications","volume":"7","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, X., Sun, Y., Li, Z., Yang, R., Zhao, Y., Guo, Y., Xu, J., Li, F., Wang, Y., and Lu, S. (2019). Retrosynthesis of Tunable Fluorescent Carbon Dots for Precise Long-Term Mitochondrial Tracking. 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