{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:07:27Z","timestamp":1771330047647,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Until now, the available data regarding citrinin (CIT) levels in food and the consumption of contaminated foods are insufficient to allow a reliable estimate of intake. Therefore, biomonitoring configuring analysis of parent compound and\/or metabolites in biological fluids, such as urine or blood, is being increasingly applied in the assessment of human exposure to CIT and its metabolite, dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT). Most studies report urinary levels lower for the parent compound when compared with DH-CIT. A high variability either in the mean levels or in the inter-individual ratios of CIT\/DH-CIT between the reported studies has been found. Levels of DH-CIT in urine were reported as being comprised between three to seventeen times higher than the parent mycotoxin. In order to comply with this objective, sensitive analytical methodologies for determining biomarkers of exposure are required. Recent development of powerful analytical techniques, namely liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS\/MS) have facilitated biomonitoring studies, mainly in urine samples. In the present work, evidence on human exposure to CIT through its occurrence and its metabolite, in biological fluids, urine and blood\/plasma, in different countries, is reviewed. The analytical methodologies usually employed to evaluate trace quantities of these two molecules, are also presented. In this sense, relevant data on sampling (size and pre-treatment), extraction, cleanup and detection and quantification techniques and respective chromatographic conditions, as well as the analytical performance, are evidenced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T10:54:59Z","timestamp":1592996099000},"page":"2906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Reviewing the Analytical Methodologies to Determine the Occurrence of Citrinin and Its Major Metabolite, Dihydrocitrinone, in Human Biological Fluids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2372-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St\u00aa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St\u00aa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St\u00aa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre\u2014Department of Veterinary Sceinces, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universit\u00e1rio\u2014Bloco B, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St\u00aa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celeste","family":"Lino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St\u00aa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.08.014","article-title":"The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: A review","volume":"92","author":"Coppa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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A"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/12\/2906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:42:14Z","timestamp":1760175734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/12\/2906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25122906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25122906","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]}}}