{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:37:12Z","timestamp":1765546632434,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014153","name":"Banco do Nordeste","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant FUNDECI\/2016.0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant FUNDECI\/2016.0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014153","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) and Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00c1mparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Sergipe (FAPITEC)","award":["PROCESSO: 88887.159533\/2017-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROCESSO: 88887.159533\/2017-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 301964\/2019-0 Chamada 06\/2019, and Chamada CNPq n\u00ba 01\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 301964\/2019-0 Chamada 06\/2019, and Chamada CNPq n\u00ba 01\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020 (strategic fund)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020 (strategic fund)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Isopentyl caffeate (ICaf) is a bioactive ester widely distributed in nature. Our patented work has shown promising results of this molecule against Leishmania. However, ICaf shows poor solubility, which limits its usage in clinical settings. In this work, we have proposed the development of an inclusion complex of ICaf in \u03b2-cyclodextrin (\u03b2-CD), with the aim to improve the drug solubility, and thus, its bioavailability. The inclusion complex (ICaf:\u03b2-CD) was developed applying three distinct methods, i.e., physical mixture (PM), kneading (KN) or co-evaporation (CO) in different molar proportions (0.25:1, 1:1 and 2:1). Characterization of the complexes was carried out by thermal analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular docking. The ICaf:\u03b2-CD complex in a molar ratio of 1:1 obtained by CO showed the best complexation and, therefore, was selected for further analysis. Solubility assay showed a marked improvement in the ICaf:\u03b2-CD (CO, 1:1) solubility profile when compared to the pure ICaf compound. Cell proliferation assay using ICaf:\u03b2-CD complex showed an IC50 of 3.8 and 2.7 \u00b5g\/mL against L. amazonesis and L. chagasi promastigotes, respectively. These results demonstrate the great potential of the inclusion complex to improve the treatment options for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T22:01:01Z","timestamp":1600034461000},"page":"4181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["\u03b2-Cyclodextrin\/Isopentyl Caffeate Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization and Antileishmanial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Carine S. F.","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation in Biotechnology Program, Industrial and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Nathalia S.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation in Biotechnology Program, Industrial and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Simone S. C. de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de G\u00f3es, Federal University l Rio de Janeiro, 21941-918 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de G\u00f3es, Federal University l Rio de Janeiro, 21941-918 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta H.","family":"Branquinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de G\u00f3es, Federal University l Rio de Janeiro, 21941-918 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7180-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dami\u00e3o P. de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, 58051-900 Para\u00edba, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5967-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayara","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, 58051-900 Para\u00edba, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luciana N.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, CEP 49400-000 Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Departamento f Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Classius F. da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exact Sciences and Earth, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), 09972-270 Diadema CEP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3618-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco V.","family":"Chaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technological and Environmental Processes, Sorocaba University (UNISO), Rod. Raposo Tavares, Km 92.5, 18023-000 Sorocaba, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sona","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation in Biotechnology Program, Industrial and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alini T.","family":"Fricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation in Biotechnology Program, Industrial and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eanciasda Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduation in Biotechnology Program, Industrial and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2032s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"},{"name":"Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: History, evolution of treatment and the need for new drugs","volume":"3","author":"Elisama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Curr. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, E.B., Dias-Ferreira, J., Craveiro, S.A., Severino, P., Sanchez-Lopez, E., Garcia, M.L., Silva, A.M., Souto, S.B., and Mahant, S. (2019). Therapeutic Interventions for Countering Leishmaniasis and Chagas\u2032s Disease: From Traditional Sources to Nanotechnological Systems. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030119"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, June 30). Status of Endemicity of Visceral Leishmaniasis, Worldwide, 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/burden\/GHO_VL_2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.12.006","article-title":"Antileishmanial activities of caffeic acid phenethyl ester loaded PLGA nanoparticles against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Abamor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2017.06.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis drug discovery: Recent progress and challenges in assay development","volume":"22","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6ter, D., Neugart, S., Schreiner, M., Grune, T., Rohn, S., and Ott, C. (2019). Amaranth\u2032s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid\u2014An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-\u03baB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030571"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666151110125435","article-title":"Anti-neoplastic and calcium modulatory action of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and dasatinib in C6 glial cells: A therapeutic perspective","volume":"15","author":"Henah","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disorders-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.10.021","article-title":"Antiviral activity of metal chelates of caffeic acid and similar compounds towards herpes simplex, VSV-Ebola pseudotyped and vaccinia viruses","volume":"160","author":"Langland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2017.0903","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2032s disease involves Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"9","author":"Morroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0865-6","article-title":"Multiple anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties of red wine polyphenolic extracts: Differential role of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols and stilbenes on endothelial inflammatory gene expression","volume":"55","author":"Calabriso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.821967","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester: A review of its antioxidant activity, protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury and drug adverse reactions","volume":"56","author":"Tolba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6196","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01622","article-title":"Assessment of the Antigenotoxic Activity of Poly (d, l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles Loaded with Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Using the Ames Salmonella\/Microsome Assay","volume":"66","author":"Derman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, M.O., Freire Pessoa, H.L., Lira, A.B., Castillo, Y.P., and de Sousa, D.P. (2019). Synthesis, Antibacterial Evaluation, and QSAR of Caffeic Acid Derivatives. J. Chem., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3408315"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Marques, C.S.F., Severino, P., Fricks, A.T., dos Santos, A.L.S., Andrade, L.N., Chaud, M., Souto, E.B., Pergentinho, D., and de Oliveira, S.S.C. (2020). Processo de Obten\u00e7\u00e3o de Complexo de Inclus\u00e3o de Cafeato de Isopentila em Ciclodextrina e Produto Obtido Para o Tratamento da Leishmaniose. (BR 10 2019 011166 6, 30.05.2019), Patent, (submitted)."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1999.6088","article-title":"Drug\u2013Cyclodextrin Association Constants Determined by Surface Tension and Surface Pressure Measurements: I. Host\u2014Guest Complexation of Water Soluble Drugs by Cyclodextrins: Polymyxin B\u2014\u03b2 Cyclodextrin System","volume":"212","author":"Angelina","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.07.006","article-title":"A comparative study of the effect of \u03b1-, \u03b2-, and \u03b3-cyclodextrins as stabilizing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a green chemistry method","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.003","article-title":"Carvacrol\/\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complex inhibits cell proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells","volume":"125","author":"Trindade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1425-9","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Properties of Inclusion Complexes of Balofloxacin with Cyclodextrins","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS Pharm. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5138","article-title":"Lippia gracilis essential oil in \u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: An environmentally safe formulation to control Aedes aegypti larvae","volume":"75","author":"Cerpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-5045-7","article-title":"\u03b2-Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of lisinopril and zofenopril","volume":"123","author":"Udrescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.03.026","article-title":"Antifungal and physicochemical properties of inclusion complexes based on \u03b2-cyclodextrin and essential oil derivatives","volume":"121","author":"Herrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.5b11317","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental study of inclusion complexes of \u03b2-cyclodextrins with chalcone and 2\u2032, 4\u2032-dihydroxychalcone","volume":"120","author":"Sancho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.158","article-title":"Physico-chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of inclusion complexes of Hyptis martiusii Benth essential oil in \u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"89","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115166","article-title":"Enhanced solubility of guanosine by inclusion complexes with cyclodextrin derivatives: Preparation, characterization, and evaluation","volume":"224","author":"Mohandoss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.09.023","article-title":"Complexes between methyltestosterone and \u03b2-cyclodextrin for application in aquaculture production","volume":"179","author":"Burusco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, E.B., Da Silva J\u00fanior, W.F., De Oliveira Pinheiro, J.G., Da Fonseca, A.G., Lemos, T.M.A.M., De Oliveira Rocha, H.A., De Azevedo, E.P., Mendon\u00e7a Junior, F.J.B., and Neves de Lima, \u00c1.A. (2018). Characterization and Antiproliferative Activity of a Novel 2-Aminothiophene Derivative-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Binary System. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123130"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.01.011","article-title":"Inclusion of piperine in \u03b2-cyclodextrin complexes improves their bioaccessibility and in vitro antioxidant capacity","volume":"91","author":"Quilaqueo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11224-019-01347-4","article-title":"Combined computational and experimental study on the inclusion complexes of \u03b2-cyclodextrin with selected food phenolic compounds","volume":"30","author":"Simsek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva J\u00fanior, W.F., Bezerra de Menezes, D.L., de Oliveira, L.C., Koester, L.S., Oliveira de Almeida, P.D., Lima, E.S., de Azevedo, E.P., da Veiga J\u00fanior, V.F., and Neves de Lima, \u00c1.A. (2019). Inclusion Complexes of \u03b2 and HP\u03b2-Cyclodextrin with \u03b1, \u03b2 Amyrin and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9060241"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5454","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.6b00517","article-title":"Interaction of hydralazine with human serum albumin and effect of \u03b2-cyclodextrin on binding: Insights from spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques","volume":"55","author":"Bolattin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"012203","article-title":"A Molecular docking study to predict enantioseparation of some chiral carboxylic acid derivatives by methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"1013","author":"Nurhidayah","year":"2018","journal-title":"JPhCS"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.11.012","article-title":"Inclusion complexes of \u03b2-cyclodextrin and polymorphs of mebendazole: Physicochemical characterization","volume":"127","author":"Saidman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06403-w","article-title":"Biological activity of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct homodimers in L. infantum and L. amazonensis: Anti-Leishmania activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"118","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2013.10.014","article-title":"Advances in nanomedicines for malaria treatment","volume":"201\u2013202","author":"Aditya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.11.017","article-title":"Cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical formulations I: Structure and physicochemical properties, formation of complexes, and types of complex","volume":"21","author":"Jambhekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.06.080","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-modified inorganic materials for the construction of nanocarriers","volume":"531","author":"Cutrone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2017.1413147","article-title":"Optimisation of \u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with natural antimicrobial agents: Thymol, carvacrol and linalool","volume":"35","author":"Cran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microencapsulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.06.013","article-title":"Physicochemical and in vitro biological evaluations of furazolidone-based \u03b2-cyclodextrin complexes in Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"119","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.05.029","article-title":"\u03b1-Terpineol, a monoterpene alcohol, complexed with \u03b2-cyclodextrin exerts antihyperalgesic effect in animal model for fibromyalgia aided with docking study","volume":"254","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21256","article-title":"AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility","volume":"30","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5894-7","article-title":"Susceptibility of promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes from distinct Leishmania species to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170","volume":"117","author":"Branquinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000400021","article-title":"Miltefosine induces programmed cell death in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes","volume":"106","author":"Marinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Memorias Do Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"49","article-title":"Leishmaniose visceral canina: Novos ant\u00edgenos para diagn\u00f3stico e vacinas","volume":"1","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerais Rev. De Sa\u00fade P\u00fabl. Do SUS\/MG"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:09:25Z","timestamp":1760177365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25184181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25184181","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1420-3049"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]}}}