{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T01:15:29Z","timestamp":1770686129331,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) and by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) under the scope of PORTUGAL 2020 and Programa Operacional do Centro","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Program Santander-Totta Universidades","award":["Bolsa BID\/UBI-Santander Universidades\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bolsa BID\/UBI-Santander Universidades\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities MICINN, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund","award":["RTI2018-095166-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-095166-B-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ayahuasca is a beverage consumed at shamanic ceremonies and currently has gained popularity on recreational scenarios. It contains beta-carboline alkaloids and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, which possesses hallucinogenic effects. Only a few studies have elicited the psychoactive effects and the dose of such compounds on neurological dopaminergic cells or animals. In this work, we aimed to study the cytotoxic effects of these compounds present in ayahuasca beverages and on five different teas (Banisteriopsis caapi, Psychotria viridis, Peganum harmala, Mimosa tenuiflora and Dc Ab (commercial name)) preparations on dopaminergic immortalized cell lines. Moreover, a characterization of the derivative alkaloids was also performed. All the extracts were characterized by chromatographic systems and the effect of those compounds in cell viability and total protein levels were analyzed in N27 dopaminergic neurons cell line. This is the first article where cytotoxicity of ayahuasca tea is studied on neurological dopaminergic cells. Overall, results showed that both cell viability and protein contents decreased when cells were exposed to the individual compounds, as well as to the teas and to the two mixtures based on the traditional ayahuasca beverages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T03:51:16Z","timestamp":1606535476000},"page":"5594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Ayahuasca Beverages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ana Y.","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7290-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gradillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMBIO, Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMBIO, Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Restolho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Toxicolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Legal, Laboratorio de Asesoramiento Toxicol\u00f3gico Anal\u00edtico (CENATOXA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Jun\u00edn 956, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6114-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus M.","family":"Rodilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais\u2014FibEnTech, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa n.\u00b03, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"NEUROSOV, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125316689030","article-title":"Ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: A systematic review of human studies","volume":"7","author":"Bouso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.08.001","article-title":"Exposure to ayahuasca induces developmental and behavioral alterations on early life stages of zebrafish","volume":"293","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. 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