{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T09:43:11Z","timestamp":1778146991075,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ASP-AGR\/30154\/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030154)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-AGR\/30154\/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030154)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REQUIMTE (UIDB\/50006\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REQUIMTE (UIDB\/50006\/2020)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Portufal","award":["CF-UM-UP (UIDB\/04650\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-UM-UP (UIDB\/04650\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["CQ-UM (UIDB\/00686\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQ-UM (UIDB\/00686\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential of plant extracts as bioinsecticides has been described as a promising field of agricultural development. In this work, the extracts of Punica granatum (pomegranate), Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed), Glandora prostrata (shrubby gromwell), Ulex europaeus (gorce), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Camellia japonica red (camellia), Ruta graveolens (rue or herb-of-grace) were obtained, purified, and their activity against Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells was investigated. From the pool of over twenty extracts obtained, comprising different polarities and vegetable materials, less polar samples were shown to be more toxic towards the insect cell line Sf9. Among these, a dichloromethane extract of R. graveolens was capable of causing a loss of viability of over 50%, exceeding the effect of the commercial insecticide chlorpyrifos. This extract elicited chromatin condensation and the fragmentation in treated cells. Nanoencapsulation assays of the cytotoxic plant extracts in soybean liposomes and chitosan nanostructures were carried out. The nanosystems exhibited sizes lower or around 200 nm, low polydispersity, and generally high encapsulation efficiencies. Release assays showed that chitosan nanoemulsions provide a fast and total extract release, while liposome-based systems are suitable for a more delayed release. These results represent a proof-of-concept for the future development of bioinsecticide nanoformulations based on the cytotoxic plant extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:45:36Z","timestamp":1607906736000},"page":"5855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cytotoxic Plant Extracts towards Insect Cells: Bioactivity and Nanoencapsulation Studies for Application as Biopesticides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ana I. F.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Physics, Department of Physics, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Physics, Department of Physics, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3845-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R. L.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6094-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita O.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics, Department of Physics, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5829-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete M. S.","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics, Department of Physics, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Olim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Gil","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2048-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Sameiro T.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11613","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504252n","article-title":"Biopesticides: State of the art and future opportunities","volume":"62","author":"Seiber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rob, M.M., Hossen, K., Iwasaki, A., Suenaga, K., and Kato-Nogushi, H. (2020). Phytotoxic activity and identification of phytotoxic substances from Schumanniathus dichotomus. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9010102"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.01.019","article-title":"Plant extracts for developing mosquito larvicides: From laboratory to the field, with insights on the modes of action","volume":"193","author":"Pavela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112253","article-title":"Discovery of luotonin A analogues as potent fungicides and insecticides: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation inspired by natural alkaloid","volume":"194","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebadollahi, A., Ziaee, M., and Palla, F. (2020). Essential oils extracted from different species of the Lamiaceae plant family as prospective bioagents against several detrimental pests. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071556"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-019-00275-z","article-title":"Effects of plant extracts and essential oils on the behavior of Acrobasis advenella (Zinck.) caterpillars and females","volume":"127","author":"Magierowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-017-9512-6","article-title":"Phytochemical biopesticides: Some recent developments","volume":"16","author":"Walia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agrochemical discovery\u2014Building the next generation of insect control agents","volume":"Volume 1264","author":"Gross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Agrochemicals: Ion Channels and G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) as Targets for Pest Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010865b","article-title":"Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed extracts using in vitro models","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.04.039","article-title":"Phenolic compounds as beneficial phytochemicals in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel: A review","volume":"261","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2973","article-title":"Identification of the biologically active constituents of Camellia japonica leaf and anti-hyperuricemic effect in vitro and in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"81","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activity of Phytolacca americana berries","volume":"1","author":"Navabi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacologyonline"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.07.004","article-title":"Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: A review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects","volume":"143","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Etnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ismail, T., Sestili, P., and Akhtar, S. (2020, October 16). Pomegranate Peel and Fruit Extracts: A Review of Potential Plants for A Future. Tagetes Patula French Marigold, Dwarf French Marigold PFAF Plant Database. Available online: https:\/\/pfaf.org\/user\/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+patula."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Muras, M., Puig, C.G., Lopez-Nogueira, A., Cavaleiro, C., and Pedrol, N. (2018). On the bioherbicide potential of Ulex europaeus and Cytisus scoparius: Profiles of volatile organic compounds and their phytotoxic effects. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205997"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabrick, J.A., Yool, A.J., and Spurgeon, D.W. (2020). Insecticidal activity of marigold Tagetes patula plants and foliar extracts against the hemipteran pests, Lygus hesperus and Bemisia tabaci. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233511"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-019-00218-8","article-title":"Composition and insecticidal activity of essential oil from Ruta graveolens, Mentha pulegium and Ocimum basilicum against Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","volume":"126","author":"Chaaban","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semerdjieva, I.B., Burducea, M., Astatkie, T., Zheljazkov, V.D., and Dincheva, I. (2019). Essential oil composition of Ruta graveolens L. fruits and Hyssopus officinalis Subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman biomass as a function of hydrodistillation time. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24224047"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2020, October 16). Plants for a Future. Ruta graveolens Rue, Common rue, Herb of Grace, Garden Rue PFAF Plant Database. Available online: https:\/\/pfaf.org\/user\/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ruta+graveolens."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"233","article-title":"Biological activity and secondary metabolite profile of Ruta graveolens leaves against maize weevil infestations","volume":"5","author":"Perera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-111","article-title":"Isolation of insecticidal constituent from Ruta graveolens and structure-activity relationship studies against stored-food pests (Coleoptera)","volume":"78","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.30560\/sdr.v1n1p55","article-title":"Qualitative determination, quantitative evaluation and comparative insecticidal potential of Ruta Graveolens essential oil and its major constituents in the management of two stored pests Sitophilus Zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Corcya Cephalonica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","volume":"1","author":"Perera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.12.069","article-title":"Essential oils: From extraction to encapsulation","volume":"483","author":"Miladi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.08.078","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as encapsulation agents for plant bioactive compounds","volume":"101","author":"Pinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulbake, U., Doppalapudi, S., Kommineni, N., and Khan, W. (2017). Liposomal formulations in clinical use: An updated review. Pharmaceutics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9020012"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2033","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with frankincense and myrrh oil","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1021\/ie102016r","article-title":"Liposomal incorporation of lavandin essential oil by a thin-film hydration method and by particles from gas-saturated solutions","volume":"50","author":"Varona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.05.060","article-title":"Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol and thymol isolated from the essential oil of Origanum dictamnus L. and in vitro antimicrobial activity","volume":"112","author":"Liolios","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05214","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation, nano-guard for pesticides: A new window for safe application","volume":"64","author":"Nuruzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.054","article-title":"Incorporation of essential oil in alginate microparticles by multiple emulsion\/ionic gelation process","volume":"62","author":"Hosseini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.12.038","article-title":"Insecticidal activity of microencapsulated Schinus molle essential oil","volume":"53","author":"Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.159","article-title":"Optimisation of microencapsulation of holy basil essential oil in gelatin by response surface methodology","volume":"150","author":"Sutaphanit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.08.025","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated lemongrass essential oil and the effect of experimental parameters on microcapsules size and morphology","volume":"29","author":"Leimann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12085039","article-title":"Potential antibacterial activity of carvacrol-loaded poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles against microbial biofilm","volume":"12","author":"Iannitelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.02.031","article-title":"Two-step method for encapsulation of oregano essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study","volume":"95","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01580","article-title":"Encapsulation of cardamom essential oil in chitosan nano-composites: In-vitro efficacy on antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens and cytotoxicity studies","volume":"7","author":"Jamil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"851","article-title":"Alkaloids and coumariuns from Ruta Species","volume":"1","author":"Ulubelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0259361","article-title":"Natural fungicides from Ruta graveolens L. leaves, including a new quinolone alkaloid","volume":"51","author":"Oliva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0497298","article-title":"Phytotoxins from the leaves of Ruta graveolens","volume":"52","author":"Hale","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.08.004","article-title":"Liposomes and nanoparticles: Nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer","volume":"30","author":"Malam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3109\/08982100903347923","article-title":"Ethanol injection method for hydrophilic and lipophilic drug-loaded liposome preparation","volume":"20","author":"Diab","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, D.S.M., Cardoso, B.D., Rodrigues, A.R.O., Amorim, C.O., Amaral, V.S., Almeida, B.G., Queiroz, M.J.R.P., Martinho, O., Baltazar, F., and Calhelha, R.C. (2019). Magnetoliposomes containing calcium ferrite nanoparticles for applications in breast cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11090477"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6591-5_2","article-title":"Thin-film hydration followed by extrusion method for liposome preparation","volume":"1522","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.1179","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of manganese ferrite-based magnetic liposomes for hyperthermia treatment of cancer","volume":"311","author":"Pradhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.059","article-title":"Development of chitosan nanocapsules for the controlled release of hexaconazole","volume":"97","author":"Chauhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2014.12.094","article-title":"Preparation of nanoemulsions containing unsaturated fatty acid concentrate-chitosan capsules","volume":"445","author":"Esquerdo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coll. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4490","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.6b00028","article-title":"A green modified microsphere of chitosan encapsulating dimethyl fumarate and cross-linked by vanillin and its application for litchi preservation","volume":"55","author":"Mo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457x.27616","article-title":"Production and characterization of nanocapsules encapsulated linalool by ionic gelation method using chitosan as wall material","volume":"37","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Bruschi, M. (2015). Strategies to Modify the Drug Release from Pharmaceutical Systems, Elsevier\/Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"217","article-title":"Kinetic modelling on drug release from controlled drug delivery systems","volume":"67","author":"Dash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M.J.G., Castanheira, E.M.S., Fortes, A.G., Pereira, R.B., Pereira, D.M., and Gon\u00e7alves, M.S.T. (2020). New eugenol derivatives and their selective toxicity towards insect cells: Synthesis and biological assessment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239257"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.153017","article-title":"Benzoquinones from Cyperus spp. trigger IRE1\u03b1-independent and PERK-dependent ER stress in human stomach cancer cells and are novel proteasome inhibitors","volume":"63","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2019-0342","article-title":"Chalcone-type compounds and 2-pyrazoline derivatives bearing an imidazole moiety: Synthesis and caspase-dependent anticancer activity","volume":"12","author":"Chouiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/24\/5855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:43:43Z","timestamp":1760179423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/24\/5855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25245855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25245855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]}}}