{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:52:22Z","timestamp":1776426742561,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020, UIDP\/00100\/2020 and SFRH\/BD\/107892\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020, UIDP\/00100\/2020 and SFRH\/BD\/107892\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"2168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir M.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universit\u00e1rio\u2014Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio\u2014Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana C.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9079-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana N.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno R.","family":"Neng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. F.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2016). World Drug Report 2016, United Nations. eISBN: 978-92-1-057862-2.","DOI":"10.18356\/603a2a94-en"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2017). European Drug Report 2017: Trends and Developments, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2017). 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