{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T17:47:21Z","timestamp":1776534441517,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020, UIDP\/00100\/2020 and SFRH\/BD\/107892\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020, UIDP\/00100\/2020 and SFRH\/BD\/107892\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314526\/2014-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314526\/2014-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work entailed the development, optimization, validation, and application of a novel analytical approach, using the bar adsorptive microextraction technique (BA\u03bcE), for the determination of the six most common tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs; amitriptyline, mianserin, trimipramine, imipramine, mirtazapine and dosulepin) in urine matrices. To achieve this goal, we employed, for the first time, new generation microextraction devices coated with convenient sorbent phases, polymers and novel activated carbons prepared from biomaterial waste, in combination with large-volume-injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in selected-ion monitoring mode (LVI-GC-MS(SIM)). Preliminary assays on sorbent coatings, showed that the polymeric phases present a much more effective performance, as the tested biosorbents exhibited low efficiency for application in microextraction techniques. By using BA\u03bcE coated with C18 polymer, under optimized experimental conditions, the detection limits achieved for the six TCAs ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 \u03bcg L\u22121 and, weighted linear regressions resulted in remarkable linearity (r2 &gt; 0.9960) between 10.0 and 1000.0 \u03bcg L\u22121. The developed analytical methodology (BA\u03bcE(C18)\/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)) provided suitable matrix effects (90.2\u2013112.9%, RSD \u2264 13.9%), high recovery yields (92.3\u2013111.5%, RSD \u2264 12.3%) and a remarkable overall process efficiency (ranging from 84.9% to 124.3%, RSD \u2264 13.9%). The developed and validated methodology was successfully applied for screening the six TCAs in real urine matrices. The proposed analytical methodology proved to be an eco-user-friendly approach to monitor trace levels of TCAs in complex urine matrices and an outstanding analytical alternative in comparison with other microextraction-based techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1621814480000},"page":"3101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Application of Bar Adsorptive Microextraction for the Determination of Levels of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Urine Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9079-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana N.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana C.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir M.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universit\u00e1rio\u2014Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio\u2014Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jaderson K.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Laiza C.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno R.","family":"Neng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elina B.","family":"Caram\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490 Aracaju, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. F.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, November 28). Mental Disorders. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-disorders."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12968\/npre.2011.9.1.38","article-title":"Tricyclic antidepressants: Pharmacological profile","volume":"9","author":"Lovatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurse Prescr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hecht, A. (2011). 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