{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:21:24Z","timestamp":1771572084090,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-TUBITAK","award":["1001 Project, grant number 116Z294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001 Project, grant number 116Z294"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Projects UIDB\/EQU\/00102\/2020 and UIDP\/EQU\/00102\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projects UIDB\/EQU\/00102\/2020 and UIDP\/EQU\/00102\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It affects ~10% of the world\u2019s population of children, and about 30\u201350% of those diagnosed in childhood continue to show ADHD symptoms later, with 2\u20135% of adults having the condition. Current diagnosis of ADHD is based on the clinical evaluation of the patient, and on interviews performed by clinicians with parents and teachers of the children, which, together with the fact that it shares common symptoms and frequent comorbidities with other neurodevelopmental disorders, makes the accurate and timely diagnosis of the disorder a difficult task. Despite the large effort to identify reliable biomarkers that can be used in a clinical environment to support clinical diagnosis, this goal has never been achieved hitherto. In the present study, infrared spectroscopy was used together with multivariate statistical methods (hierarchical clustering and partial least-squares discriminant analysis) to develop a model based on the spectra of blood serum samples that is able to distinguish ADHD patients from healthy individuals. The developed model used an approach where the whole infrared spectrum (in the 3700\u2013900 cm\u22121 range) was taken as a holistic imprint of the biochemical blood serum environment (spectroscopic biomarker), overcoming the need for the search of any particular chemical substance associated with the disorder (molecular biomarker). The developed model is based on a sensitive and reliable technique, which is cheap and fast, thus appearing promising to use as a complementary diagnostic tool in the clinical environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T21:03:32Z","timestamp":1622754212000},"page":"3400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulce","family":"Ogruc Ildiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CQC, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Karadag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1945-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ersin","family":"Kaygisiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Fausto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CQC, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-012-1295-6","article-title":"Inattentiveness in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Sroubek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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