{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:53:21Z","timestamp":1768485201320,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/29425\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/29425\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/137758\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/137758\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/00676\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00676\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2017-89207-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2017-89207-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) constitute a group of compounds used in a great variety of products, particularly personal care products. Due to their massive use, they are continually discharged into wastewater treatment plants and are increasingly being detected in wastewater and in the environment at low concentrations. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a fast and reliable methodology to screen seven VMSs in water samples, by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The influence of several factors affecting the extraction efficiency was investigated using a design of experiments approach. The main factors were selected (fiber type, sample volume, ionic strength, extraction and desorption time, extraction and desorption temperature) and optimized, employing a central composite design. The optimal conditions were: 65 \u00b5m PDMS\/Divinylbenzene fiber, 10 mL sample, 19.5% NaCl, 39 min extraction time, 10 min desorption time, and 33 \u00b0C and 240 \u00b0C as extraction and desorption temperature, respectively. The methodology was successfully validated, showing low detection limits (up to 24 ng\/L), good precision (relative standard deviations below 15%), and accuracy ranging from 62% to 104% in wastewater, tap, and river water samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T23:59:55Z","timestamp":1623023995000},"page":"3429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Using Design of Experiments to Optimize a Screening Analytical Methodology Based on Solid-Phase Microextraction\/Gas Chromatography for the Determination of Volatile Methylsiloxanes in Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3654-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Providencia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Departamental de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Ratola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Departamental de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"Arminda","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3955-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Homem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"466","article-title":"Environmental Chemistry of Organosiloxanes","volume":"115","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. 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Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.08.002","article-title":"Applications and opportunities of experimental design for the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method\u2014A review","volume":"190","author":"Mousavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.10.049","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction for the determination of synthetic musk fragrances in aqueous matrices by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"148","author":"Homem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.143","article-title":"Development and optimization of a QuEChERS-GC-MS\/MS methodology to analyse ultraviolet-filters and synthetic musks in sewage sludge","volume":"651","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3429\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:11:13Z","timestamp":1760163073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/11\/3429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26113429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]}}}