{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:35:36Z","timestamp":1776184536425,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antioxidant activity is an important feature for food contact materials such as packaging, aiming to preserve freshness and retard food spoilage. Common bioactive agents are highly susceptible to various forms of degradation; therefore, protection is required to maintain functionality and bioavailability. Poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) (PCL), a biodegradable GRAS labeled polymer, was used in this study for encapsulation of \u03b1-tocopherol antioxidant, a major component of vitamin E, in the form of electrospun fibers. Rheological properties of the fiber forming solutions, which determine the electrospinning behavior, were correlated with the properties of electrospun fibers, e.g., morphology and surface properties. Interactions through hydrogen bonds were evidenced between the two components. These have strong effect on structuration of macromolecular chains, especially at low \u03b1-tocopherol amounts, decreasing viscosity and elastic modulus. Intra-molecular interactions in PCL strengthen at high \u03b1-tocopherol amounts due to decreased solvation, allowing good structural recovery after cease of mechanical stress. Morphologically homogeneous electrospun fibers were obtained, with ~6 \u03bcm average diameter. The obtained fibers were highly hydrophobic, with fast release in 95% ethanol as alternative simulant for fatty foods. This induced good in vitro antioxidant activity and significant in vivo reduction of microbial growth on cheese, as determined by respirometry. Therefore, the electrospun fibers from PCL entrapping \u03b1-tocopherol as bioactive agent showed potential use in food packaging materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:45:57Z","timestamp":1631483157000},"page":"5498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Bioactive Electrospun Fibers of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Incorporating \u03b1-Tocopherol for Food Packaging Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9737-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca P.","family":"Dumitriu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, \u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1409-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Stoleru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, \u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey R.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Institute Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, \u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Brebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, \u201cPetru Poni\u201d Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12322","article-title":"Active packaging applications for food","volume":"17","author":"Yildirim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.08.006","article-title":"A concise guide to active agents for active food packaging","volume":"80","author":"Vilela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.003","article-title":"Food packaging based on polymer nanomaterials","volume":"36","author":"Silvestre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.06.026","article-title":"Bio-sourced polymers as alternatives to conventional food packaging materials: A review","volume":"115","author":"Sid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuddus, M.R. (2021). Bio-Based Bioplastics in Active Food Packaging. Bioplastics for Sustainable Development, Springer Nature. Chapter 14.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1823-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuddus, M.R. (2021). Synthetic Bioplastics in Active Food Packaging. Bioplastics for Sustainable Development, Springer Nature. Chapter 15.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1823-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.05.013","article-title":"Oxygen scavengers for food packaging applications: A review","volume":"90","author":"Dey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.016","article-title":"Incorporating essential oils or compounds derived thereof into edible coatings: Effect on quality and shelf life of fresh\/fresh-cut produce","volume":"108","author":"Yousuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasile, C., Sivertsvik, M., Mitelut, A.C., Brebu, M.A., Stoleru, E., Rosnes, J.T., Tanase, E.E., Khan, W., Pamfil, D., and Cornea, C.P. (2017). Comparative analysis of the composition and active property evaluation of certain essential oils to assess their potential applications in active food packaging. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10010045"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"25","article-title":"Development of bioactive polymeric materials by incorporation of essential\/vegetal oils into biopolymer matrices","volume":"69","author":"Stoleru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100613","article-title":"Biodegradable active food packaging structures based on hybrid cross-linked electrospun polyvinyl alcohol fibers containing essential oils and their application in the preservation of chicken breast fillets","volume":"27","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.217","article-title":"Developing active poly(vinyl alcohol)-based membranes with encapsulated antimicrobial enzymes via electrospinning for food packaging","volume":"162","author":"Felix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101078","article-title":"Lysozyme-based composite membranes and their potential application for active packaging","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasile, C., Stoleru, E., Darie-Nita, R.N., Dumitriu, R.P., Pamfil, D., and Tartau, L. (2019). Biocompatible materials based on plasticized poly(lactic acid), chitosan and rosemary ethanolic extract I. Effect of chitosan on the properties of plasticized poly(lactic acid) Materials. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11060941"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13726-016-0421-0","article-title":"Polyethylene materials with multifunctional surface properties by electrospraying chitosan\/vitamin E formulation destined to biomedical and food packaging applications","volume":"25","author":"Stoleru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108799","article-title":"Effect of \u03b1-tocopherol antioxidant on rheological and physicochemical properties of chitosan\/zein edible films","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106349","article-title":"Chitosan and pectin-based films and coatings with active components for application in antimicrobial food packaging","volume":"158","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mitchell, G.R. (2015). Structure development in electrospun fibres. Electrospinning: Principles, Practice and Possibilities, Royal Society of Chemistry. [1st ed.]. Chapter 8."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2010.03.017","article-title":"Development of orientation during electrospinning of fibres of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)","volume":"46","author":"Edwards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109916","article-title":"Ultrafast fabrication of nanofiber-based 3D macrostructures by 3D electrospinning","volume":"208","author":"Vong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.03.033","article-title":"Electrospinning for drug delivery applications: A review","volume":"334","author":"Luraghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108927","article-title":"Antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal electrospun nanofibers for food packaging applications","volume":"130","author":"Topuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.03.014","article-title":"Electrospun antimicrobial materials: Advanced packaging materials for food applications","volume":"111","author":"Hemmati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.04.012","article-title":"Electrospinning approach for nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds; recent advances and innovations","volume":"100","author":"Rostamabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.107082","article-title":"Zein electrospun fibers purification and vanillin impregnation in a one-step supercritical process to produce safe active packaging","volume":"122","author":"Drago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1580-x","article-title":"Antioxidant electrospun zein nanofibrous web encapsulating quercetin\/cyclodextrin inclusion complex","volume":"53","author":"Aytac","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130813","article-title":"Development of a PCL-PEO double network colorimetric pH sensor using electrospun fibers containing Hibiscus rosa sinensis extract and silver nanoparticles for food monitoring","volume":"368","author":"Jovanska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69136-2","article-title":"Dynamic viscosity recovery of electrospinning solution for stabilizing elongated ultrafine polymer nanofiber by TEMPO-CNF","volume":"10","author":"Higashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101771","article-title":"Poloxamer additive as luminal surface modification to modulate wettability and bioactivities of small-diameter polyurethane\/polycaprolactone electrospun hollow tube for vascular prosthesis applications","volume":"26","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102501","article-title":"Fabrication of scaffold based on gelatin and polycaprolactone (PCL) for wound dressing application","volume":"63","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2018.08.008","article-title":"Development and characterization of biodegradable antimicrobial packaging films based on polycaprolactone, starch and pomegranate rind hybrids","volume":"18","author":"Khalid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116711","article-title":"Electrospun chitosan\/ polycaprolactone nanofibers containing chlorogenic acid-loaded halloysite nanotube for active food packaging","volume":"247","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117849","article-title":"Designing active mats based on cellulose acetate\/polycaprolactone core\/ shell structures with different release kinetics","volume":"261","author":"Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-017-6769-3","article-title":"\u03b1-Tocopherol\/AOT\/alkane\/water system. Calorimetric studies","volume":"131","author":"Karpiuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_35.1","unstructured":"European Union (2011). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_35.2","unstructured":"(EU) No 10\/2011 of 14 January 2011 on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food. Off. J. Eur. Union, 12, 2-89."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-017-1018-1","article-title":"Alginate\/lignosulfonate blends with photoprotective and antioxidant properties for active packaging applications","volume":"26","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darie-Ni\u0163a, R.N., Vasile, C., Stoleru, E., Pamfil, D., Zaharescu, T., Tar\u0163au, L., Tudorachi, N., Brebu, M.A., Pricope, G.M., and Dumitriu, R.P. (2018). Evaluation of the rosemary extract effect on the properties of polylactic acid-based materials. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101825"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.01.200","article-title":"Novel procedure to enhance PLA surface properties by chitosan irreversible immobilization","volume":"367","author":"Stoleru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.08.008","article-title":"Functionalized coatings by electrospinning for anti-oxidant food packaging","volume":"12","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.123793","article-title":"PVA antioxidant nanocomposite films functionalized with alpha-tocopherol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"581","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2019.05.026","article-title":"Optimisation, antioxidant attributes, stability and release behaviour of carboxymethyl cellulose films incorporated with nanoencapsulated vitamin E","volume":"134","author":"Garavand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030400019380","article-title":"Partition coeffcients in food\/packaging systems: A review","volume":"21","author":"Tehrany","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2019.100332","article-title":"Determination of the partition and diffusion coefficients of five chemical additives from polyethylene terephthalate material in contact with food simulants","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(80)90266-9","article-title":"Polymer chain dimensions and the dependence of viscoelastic properties on concentration, molecular weight and solvent power","volume":"21","author":"Graessley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6088","DOI":"10.1021\/am405138e","article-title":"Sequential thiol click reactions: Formation of ternary thiourethane\/thiol-ene networks with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties","volume":"6","author":"McNair","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9294","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.8b01781","article-title":"Opposing effects of side-chain flexibility and hydrogen bonding on the thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of supramolecularly cross-linked polyesters","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2014-0110","article-title":"Investigating the influence of temperature on electrospinning of polycaprolactone solutions","volume":"14","author":"Ramazani","year":"2014","journal-title":"e-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10044","article-title":"Hydrogen-bonding interaction and miscibility between poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) and enzymatically polymerized novel polyphenols","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.05.001","article-title":"The role of rheology of polymer solutions in predicting nanofiber formation by electrospinning","volume":"48","author":"Pelipenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-021-02625-y","article-title":"Surface energy of food contact materials and its relation to wheat dough adhesion","volume":"14","author":"Laukemper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashud Alam, A.K.M., Ewaldz, E., Xiang, C., Qu, W., and Bai, X. (2020). Tunable wettability of biodegradable multilayer sandwich-structured electrospun nanofibrous membranes. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12092092"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b08567","article-title":"Superhydrophobic surfaces: Insights from theory and experiment","volume":"124","author":"Parvate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128013","article-title":"Chitosan and procyanidin composite films with high antioxidant activity and pH responsivity for cheese packaging","volume":"338","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.02.074","article-title":"\u03b1-Tocopherol-induced radical scavenging activity in carbon nanotubes for thermo-oxidation resistant ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene-based nanocomposites","volume":"74","author":"Dintcheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2011.06.011","article-title":"Influence of \u03b1-tocopherol on physicochemical properties of chitosan-based films","volume":"27","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platzer, M., Kiese, S., Herfellner, T., Schweiggert-Weisz, U., Miesbauer, O., and Eisner, P. (2021). Common trends and differences in antioxidant activity analysis of phenolic substances using single electron transfer based assays. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051244"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez, R., Pateiro, M., Gagaoua, M., Barba, F.J., Zhang, W., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2019). A Comprehensive review on lipid oxidation in meat and meat products. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100429"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-016-2256-2","article-title":"Preparation of antioxidant active films based on chitosan: Diffusivity study of a-tocopherol into food simulants","volume":"53","author":"Concheiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.09.021","article-title":"Migration of antioxidants from polylactic acid films: A parameter estimation approach and an overview of the current mass transfer models","volume":"103","author":"Samsudin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100470","article-title":"Combined antioxidant and sensory effects of active chitosan\/zein film containing \u03b1-tocopherol on Agaricus bisporus","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/18\/5498\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:13Z","timestamp":1760166013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/26\/18\/5498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules26185498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26185498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]}}}