{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T20:44:31Z","timestamp":1776199471659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gunnera tinctoria, an underexplored invasive plant found in Azores, Portugal, was studied regarding its nutritional, antioxidant, and antitumoral properties. Higher antioxidant activity was found in baby leaves, followed by adult leaves and inflorescences. A phenolic fraction of the plant was enriched using adsorbent resin column chromatography (DiaionTM HP20LX, and Relite EXA90). Antitumoral effects were observed with the enriched fractions in breast (MCF-7) and pancreatic (AsPC-1) cancer cell lines, being more pronounced in the latter. To improve protection and membrane absorption rates of phenolic compounds, nano-phytosomes and cholesterol-conjugated phytosomes coated with natural polymers were loaded with the enriched fraction. The particles were characterized, and their physiochemical properties were evaluated and compared. All samples presented anionic charge and nanometer size in relation to the inner layer and micrometer size regarding the external layers. In addition, the molecular arrangement of phenolics within both types of phytosomes were studied for the first time by molecular docking. Polarity and molecular size were key factors on the molecular arrangement of the lipid bilayer. In conclusion, G. tinctoria showed to be an interesting source of nutrients and phenolic compounds with anti-tumoral potential. Moreover, phytosome loading with these compounds can increase their stability and bioavailability having in view future applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1633728235000},"page":"5935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Exploring Gunnera tinctoria: From Nutritional and Anti-Tumoral Properties to Phytosome Development Following Structural Arrangement Based on Molecular Docking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8537-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Fathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 280, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2167-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samad N.","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ana I. G.","family":"Valad\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 280, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-8599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 280, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (I3S), University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anabela S. G.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 280, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (I3S), University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0747-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sana Technologists Segal Private Company (STM), Ashrafi Esfahani, Tehran 1469963811, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5774-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyman","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Martel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (I3S), University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita C.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 280, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatriz P. 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