{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:44:50Z","timestamp":1762299890977,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA transcripts with different sizes, structures and biological functions that do not encode functional proteins. RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) have been found in small and long ncRNAs. The existence of an equilibrium between rG4 and stem\u2212loop structures in ncRNAs and its effect on biological processes remains unexplored. For example, deviation from the stem\u2212loop leads to deregulated mature miRNA levels, demonstrating that miRNA biogenesis can be modulated by ions or small molecules. In light of this, we report several examples of rG4s in certain types of ncRNAs, and the implications of G4 stabilization using small molecules, also known as G4 ligands, in the regulation of gene expression, miRNA biogenesis, and miRNA\u2212mRNA interactions. Until now, different G4 ligands scaffolds were synthesized for these targets. The regulatory role of the above-mentioned rG4s in ncRNAs can be used as novel therapeutic approaches for adjusting miRNA levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:48:39Z","timestamp":1634161719000},"page":"6164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ligands as Stabilizers of G-Quadruplexes in Non-Coding RNAs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Lopes-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6630-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114469","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: Emerging from the discovery to therapeutic applications","volume":"189","author":"Baptista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01201","article-title":"Long Non-coding RNA Structure and Function: Is There a Link?","volume":"9","author":"Zampetaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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