{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:44:38Z","timestamp":1777484678904,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/SSO\/0017\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/SSO\/0017\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/SSO\/0090\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/SSO\/0090\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/03666\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03666\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental\/occupational pollutants by determining the parent compounds, their metabolites or even their reaction products in biological matrices. HBM studies performed among the Portuguese population are disperse and limited. To overcome this knowledge gap, this review gathers, for the first time, the published Portuguese HBM information concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, metalloids, and pesticides concentrations detected in the urine, serum, milk, hair, and nails of different groups of the Portuguese population. This integrative insight of available HBM data allows the analysis of the main determinants and patterns of exposure of the Portuguese population to these selected hazardous compounds, as well as assessment of the potential health risks. Identification of the main difficulties and challenges of HBM through analysis of the enrolled studies was also an aim. Ultimately, this study aimed to support national and European policies promoting human health and summarizes the most important outcomes and lessons learned through the HBM studies carried out in Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T20:49:38Z","timestamp":1641242978000},"page":"242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Human Biomonitoring of Selected Hazardous Compounds in Portugal: Part I\u2014Lessons Learned on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Metals, Metalloids, and Pesticides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0902-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina","family":"Pena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama-Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universit\u00e1rio-Bloco B, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 M. P. T.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2372-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana J. G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia S. M.","family":"Laranjeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celeste","family":"Lino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.07.028","article-title":"Preventing disease through healthy environments: A global assessment of the environmental burden of disease","volume":"259","author":"Neira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.024","article-title":"Human biomonitoring: State of the art","volume":"210","author":"Angerer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.05.009","article-title":"Human biomonitoring in health risk assessment in Europe: Current practices and recommendations for the future","volume":"222","author":"Louro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.008","article-title":"Human biomonitoring in Israel: Recent results and lessons learned","volume":"220","author":"Berman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.013","article-title":"The added value of a surveillance human biomonitoring program: The case of FLEHS in Flanders (Belgium)","volume":"220","author":"Reynders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.01.007","article-title":"Human biomonitoring as a tool to support chemicals regulation in the European Union","volume":"220","author":"Ganzleben","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"WHO (2015). Human Biomonitoring: Facts and Figures, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"724E","article-title":"Review of the state of the art of human biomonitoring for chemical substances and its application to human exposure assessment for food safety","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.10.004","article-title":"Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in preschool children: Levels and impact of preschool indoor air on excretion of main urinary monohydroxyl metabolites","volume":"322","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.03.012","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at fire stations: Firefighters\u2019 exposure monitoring and biomonitoring, and assessment of the contribution to total internal dose","volume":"323","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2019.1661588","article-title":"An overview of the current progress, challenges, and prospects of human biomonitoring and exposome studies","volume":"22","author":"Bocato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ougier, E., Lecoq, P., Rousselle, C., and Ormsby, J.-N. (2018). Second List of HBM4EU Priority Substances and Chemical Substance Group Leaders for 2019\u20132021. Deliverable Report D 4.5. WP 4\u2014Prioritisation and Input to the Annual Work."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204","article-title":"Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies","volume":"609","author":"Dat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3748-0","article-title":"A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters","volume":"22","author":"Kamal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.07.019","article-title":"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.03.019","article-title":"Risk assessment for pyrrolizidine alkaloids detected in (herbal) teas and plant food supplements","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010","article-title":"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation","volume":"42","author":"Ravindra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2391-5","article-title":"Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: A field measurement","volume":"21","author":"Slezakova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"EEC-European Commission (2004). Directiva CE, 2004\/107\/CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, relativa ao ars\u00e9nio, ao c\u00e1dmio, ao merc\u00fario, ao n\u00edquel e aos hidrocarbonetos arom\u00e1ticos polic\u00edclicos no ar ambiente. J. Uni\u00e3o Eur., L23, 3\u201316."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"USEPA (2005). Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, WHO."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"IARC (2010). Some Non-Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures (Vol.92), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"IARC (2002). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene, IARC."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campo, L., Polledri, E., Bechtold, P., Gatti, G., Quattrini, G., Olgiati, L., Romolo, M., Ranzi, A., Lauriola, P., and Carrozzi, G. (2018). ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061156"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.04.017","article-title":"Investigating unmetabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in adolescents\u2019 urine as biomarkers of environmental exposure","volume":"155","author":"Croes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-010-0516-4","article-title":"Biological effect markers in exhaled breath condensate and biomonitoring in welders: Impact of smoking and protection equipment","volume":"83","author":"Gube","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121179","article-title":"Firefighters exposure to fire emissions: Impact on levels of biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and genotoxic\/oxidative-effects","volume":"383","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115243","article-title":"Exposure of nursing mothers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Levels of un-metabolized and metabolized compounds in breast milk, major sources of exposure and infants\u2019 health risks","volume":"266","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.53.631","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds","volume":"53","author":"Toriba","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, M., Capelas, S., Delerue-Matos, C., and Morais, S. (2021). Grill workers exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Levels and excretion profiles of the urinary biomarkers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010230"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106704","article-title":"Firefighters\u2019 occupational exposure: Contribution from biomarkers of effect to assess health risks","volume":"156","author":"Barros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1039\/c0an00428f","article-title":"Highly sensitive routine method for urinary 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene quantitation using liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection and automated off-line solid phase extraction","volume":"136","author":"Barbeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.02.032","article-title":"Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites among 3-year-old children from Krakow, Poland","volume":"164","author":"Majewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4355-7","article-title":"A liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method for the determination of phenolic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAH) in urine of non-smokers and smokers","volume":"399","author":"Ramsauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"579","article-title":"Relevance of Urinary 3-Hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 1-Hydroxypyrene to Assess Exposure to Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Metallurgy Workers","volume":"58","author":"Barbeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-009-0444-9","article-title":"Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage by industry: A nationwide study in Germany","volume":"83","author":"Marczynski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.02.067","article-title":"Using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry to quantify monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine","volume":"877","author":"Onyemauwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.12.018","article-title":"Urinary profiles to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in coke-oven workers","volume":"192","author":"Campo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.03.057","article-title":"Individual and cumulative impacts of fire emissions and tobacco consumption on wildland firefighters\u2019 total exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"334","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, M., Delerue-Matos, C., Morais, S., Slezakova, K., Pereira, M.C., Fernandes, A., Costa, S., and Teixeira, J.P. (2018). Levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure and potential genotoxic risks in firefighters. Occupational Safety and Hygiene VI, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351008884-47"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.042796","article-title":"Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and monohydroxy metabolites as biomarkers of exposure in coke oven workers","volume":"66","author":"Rossella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"T\u00f6rneman, N. (2010). Exposure and Effect Screening in Urine of Women. Metals and Metabolites of Phthalates, Organophosphate Pesticides and PAHs, Sweco Environment."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28772","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1650-x","article-title":"Levels of urinary metabolites of four PAHs and cotinine determined in 1016 volunteers living in Central Italy","volume":"25","author":"Tombolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.165","article-title":"Evaluation of 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urine of Czech mothers and newborns","volume":"577","author":"Urbancova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.05.015","article-title":"Environmental and biological monitoring of exposures to PAHs and ETS in the general population","volume":"36","author":"Aquilina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.03.011","article-title":"Comparison of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites according to their specificity as biomarkers of occupational exposure: Selection of 2-hydroxyfluorene and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene","volume":"332","author":"Barbeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.07.011","article-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Firefighters\u2019 exposure biomonitoring: Impact of firefighting activities on levels of urinary monohydroxyl metabolites","volume":"219","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050216","article-title":"Elimination of 1-hydroxypyrene after human volunteer exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"70","author":"Jakubowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/10406630490468766","article-title":"Exposure to polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons and excretion of urinary 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene: Assessment of an appropriate sampling time","volume":"24","author":"Gendre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polycycl. Aromat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.47.7.454","article-title":"Ambient and biological monitoring of cokeoven workers: Determinants of the internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"47","author":"Jongeneelen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.94","article-title":"Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites as biomarkers to woodsmoke exposure\u2014Results from a controlled exposure study","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300108e","article-title":"Excretion Profiles and Half-Lives of Ten Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites after Dietary Exposure","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.035","article-title":"Urinary elimination kinetics of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene of workers in a prebake aluminum electrode production plant: Evaluation of diuresis correction methods for routine biological monitoring","volume":"147","author":"Lutier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1511","article-title":"A toxicokinetic study to elucidate 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene atypical urinary excretion profile following intravenous injection of benzo(a)pyrene in rats","volume":"30","author":"Marie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7898","article-title":"Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene as a Biomarker of PAH Exposure in 3-Year-Old Ukrainian Children","volume":"114","author":"Mucha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"347","article-title":"Environmental and biological monitoring ofPAHs exposure in coke-oven workers at theTaranto plant compared to two groups from the general population of Apulia, Italy","volume":"103","author":"Campo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Lav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-016-1160-4","article-title":"Metabolites of the PAH diol epoxide pathway and other urinary biomarkers of phenanthrene and pyrene in workers with and without exposure to bitumen fumes","volume":"89","author":"Lotz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, M., Slezakova, K., Pereira, M., Fernandes, A., Alves, M., Delerue-Matos, C., and Morais, S.O. (2017). Levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in firemen from the Northeast of Portugal. Occupational Safety and Hygiene V, CRC Press\/Balkema.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315164809-21"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.75","article-title":"Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarkers of exposure to wood smoke in wildland firefighters","volume":"27","author":"Adetona","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(00)00009-0","article-title":"Benchmark guideline for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarker of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"45","author":"Jongeneelen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"ACGIH (2010). Documentation for a Recommended BEI of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.05.001","article-title":"A guidance value of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine in view of acceptable occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"231","author":"Jongeneelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.12.008","article-title":"Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: The BIOAMBIENT.ES project","volume":"135","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.06.005","article-title":"Urinary carcinogenic 4\u20136 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke oven workers and in subjects belonging to the general population: Role of occupational and environmental exposure","volume":"217","author":"Campo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.09.008","article-title":"Biomonitoring of the general population living near a modern solid waste incinerator: A pilot study in Modena, Italy","volume":"61","author":"Ranzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.09.024","article-title":"Biological monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by determination of unmetabolized compounds in urine","volume":"162","author":"Campo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.052","article-title":"Children environmental exposure to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomonitoring in school environments: A review on indoor and outdoor exposure levels, major sources and health impacts","volume":"124","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ATSDR (1999). Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Washington, D.C., August, 1985. J. of Toxicol. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol., 18, 2.","DOI":"10.3109\/15569529909037564"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"WHO (2013). State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012. Toxicol. Lett., 211, 1\u2013289."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"European Parliament Directive (2005). 2004\/107\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15\/12\/2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 23, 3\u201316."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"European Commission Commission Regulation (EU) (2011). No 835\/2011 of 19 August 2011. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 215, 4\u20138."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09956-x","article-title":"Early markers of cardiovascular disease are associated with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"7","author":"Alhamdow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-016-0644-3","article-title":"Biomarkers in Occupational Asthma","volume":"16","author":"Barranco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7772-0","article-title":"Association between inflammation processes, DNA damage, and exposure to environmental pollutants","volume":"24","author":"Barth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.07.006","article-title":"Prolonged occupational exposure leads to allergic airway sensitization and chronic airway and systemic inflammation in professional firefighters","volume":"118","author":"Gianniou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-015-9296-7","article-title":"The effects on health of ambient particles: Time for an agonizing reappraisal?","volume":"31","author":"Maynard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv040","article-title":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: From Metabolism to Lung Cancer","volume":"145","author":"Moorthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2021, October 28). Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Naphthalene. Available online: https:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13892","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4588-2","article-title":"Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and assessment of potential risks in preschool children","volume":"22","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00334-6","article-title":"Evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal","volume":"317","author":"Cruz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2016-0012","article-title":"Review Article. Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment","volume":"9","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.03.003","article-title":"Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in serum from students in Coimbra, Portugal: 1997\u20132001","volume":"102","author":"Lino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.04.111","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p\u2032-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord serum in a human cohort from South Portugal","volume":"114","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.12.006","article-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Identification of exposure to environmental chemicals in children and older adults using human biomonitoring data sorted by age: Results from a literature review","volume":"220","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113485255","article-title":"Exposure to priority organochlorine contaminants in the Italian general population. Part 1. Eight priority organochlorinated pesticides in blood serum","volume":"32","author":"Mrema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.04.015","article-title":"Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides in the general population of Thessaly, Greece, determined by HS-SPME GC\u2014MS method","volume":"148","author":"Koureas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.05.048","article-title":"Chemosphere Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides in healthy adults from five regions of Spain","volume":"76","author":"Jakszyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.044","article-title":"Science of the Total Environment Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides in the French adult population: The French National Nutrition and Health Study (ENNS), 2006\u20132007","volume":"472","author":"Saoudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111294","article-title":"Urine biomonitoring of glyphosate in children: Exposure and risk assessment","volume":"198","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109846","article-title":"Toxic effects of glyphosate on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and barrier function in weaned piglets","volume":"187","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"183","article-title":"Microbial degradation of glyphosate herbicides (review)","volume":"51","author":"Sviridov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.07.008","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid in rats","volume":"190","author":"Castellano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy104","article-title":"Evaluating glyphosate exposure routes and their contribution to total body burden: A study among amenity horticulturalists","volume":"63","author":"Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113526","article-title":"Urine glyphosate level as a quantitative biomarker of oral exposure","volume":"228","author":"Zoller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2015). Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance glyphosate. EFSA J., 13, 4302.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4302"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"IARC (2015). IARC Monographs Volume 112: Evaluation of Five Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides, IARC."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.08.006","article-title":"Gut microbiota and neurological effects of glyphosate","volume":"75","author":"Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.05.057","article-title":"Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors","volume":"59","author":"Thongprakaisang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208463","article-title":"Is it time to reassess current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides?","volume":"71","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103462","article-title":"Glyphosate in Portuguese Adults\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"80","author":"Nova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.016","article-title":"Glyphosate in German adults\u2014Time trend (2001 to 2015) of human exposure to a widely used herbicide","volume":"220","author":"Conrad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.04.025","article-title":"Glyphosate in Irish adults\u2014A pilot study in 2017","volume":"165","author":"Connolly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"2","article-title":"The evidence of human exposure to glyphosate: A review","volume":"18","author":"Gillezeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health A Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113334","article-title":"Glyphosate exposures and kidney injury biomarkers in infants and young children","volume":"256","author":"Trasande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2016-0067","article-title":"Biomonitoring of Danish school children and mothers including biomarkers of PBDE and glyphosate","volume":"32","author":"Knudsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra-Diaz, E., Rosa, A.D.J.C.-D.L., Lozano-Kasten, F., Trasande, L., Peregrina-Lucano, A.A., Pinto, M.E.S., and Gonzalez-Chavez, H. (2019). Urinary pesticide levels in children and adolescents residing in two agricultural communities in Mexico. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040562"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.200503953","article-title":"A review of metal release in the food industry","volume":"57","author":"Jellesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Lopes, H.G.A. (2014). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado Nutricional e do Teor em Metais Pesados de Plantas Cultivadas nas Hortas Sociais do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Bragan\u00e7a, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Tavares, A.D. (2010). Determina\u00e7\u00e3o de C\u00e1dmio e Chumbo em Alimentos e Bebidas Industrializados por Espectrometria de Absor\u00e7\u00e3o At\u00f4mica com Atomiza\u00e7\u00e3o Eletrot\u00e9rmica, Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba Centro de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e da Natureza. [Ph.D. Thesis, Federal University of Para\u00edba]."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg032","article-title":"Hazards of heavy metal contamination","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.01.017","article-title":"Scalp hair analysis as a tool in assessing human exposure to heavy metals (S. Domingos mine, Portugal)","volume":"327","author":"Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-013-9562-7","article-title":"Biomonitoring of several toxic metal(loid)s in different biological matrices from environmentally and occupationally exposed populations from Panasqueira mine area, Portugal","volume":"36","author":"Coelho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-005-9078-4","article-title":"Health survey among people living near an abandoned mine. A case study: Jales Mine, Portugal","volume":"123","author":"Mayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.690705","article-title":"Metal(Loid) levels in biological matrices from human populations exposed to mining contamination-panasqueira mine (Portugal)","volume":"75","author":"Coelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health\u2014Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.021","article-title":"Human exposure to heavy metals in the vicinity of Portuguese solid waste incinerators\u2014Part 3: Biomonitoring of Pb in blood of children under the age of 6 years","volume":"210","author":"Reis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.020","article-title":"Human exposure to heavy metals in the vicinity of Portuguese solid waste incinerators\u2014Part 2: Biomonitoring of lead in maternal and umbilical cord blood","volume":"210","author":"Reis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.023","article-title":"Human exposure to heavy metals in the vicinity of Portuguese solid waste incinerators\u2014Part 1: Biomonitoring of Pb, Cd and Hg in blood of the general population","volume":"210","author":"Reis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2008.03.013","article-title":"Essential and non-essential trace metals in scalp hair of men chronically exposed to volcanogenic metals in the Azores, Portugal","volume":"34","author":"Amaral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2008.03.007","article-title":"Trace elements in human milk: Correlation with blood levels, inter-element correlations and changes in concentration during the first month of lactation","volume":"22","author":"Almeida","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2014.893281","article-title":"Trace element compositional changes in human milk during the first four months of lactation","volume":"65","author":"Matos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.007","article-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and New HBM values for emerging substances, inventory of reference and HBM values in force, and working principles of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission","volume":"220","author":"Apel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.10.006","article-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Human biomonitoring reference values for metals and trace elements in blood and urine derived from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007\u20132013","volume":"220","author":"Saravanabhavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113473","article-title":"Reference values for heavy metals in the urine and blood of Saudi women derived from two human biomonitoring studies","volume":"225","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987308","article-title":"Incineration and Human Health","volume":"8","author":"Allsopp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.04.037","article-title":"Metal contamination of urban soils in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator: One source among many","volume":"356","author":"Rimmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.10.027","article-title":"Heavy metals in the volcanic environment and thyroid cancer","volume":"457","author":"Vigneri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.08.004","article-title":"25 years of HBM in the Czech Republic","volume":"220","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/1\/242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:40Z","timestamp":1760169400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/1\/242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27010242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27010242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}}}