{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:28:36Z","timestamp":1776382116247,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cFlawless skin is the most universally desired human feature\u201d is an iconic statement by Desmond Morris. Skin indicates one\u00b4s health and is so important that it affects a person\u2019s emotional and psychological behavior, these facts having propelled the development of the cosmetics industry. It is estimated that in 2023, this industry will achieve more than 800 billion dollars. This boost is due to the development of new cosmetic formulations based on nanotechnology. Nanocarriers have been able to solve problems related to active ingredients regarding their solubility, poor stability, and release. Even though nanocarriers have evident benefits, they also present some problems related to the high cost, low shelf life, and toxicity. Regulation and legislation are two controversial topics regarding the use of nanotechnology in the field of cosmetics. In this area, the U.S. FDA has taken the lead and recommended several biosafety studies and post-market safety evaluations. The lack of a global definition that identifies nanomaterials as a cosmetic ingredient is a hindrance to the development of global legislation. In the EU, the legislation regarding the biosafety of nanomaterials in cosmetics is stricter. \u201cThe cost is not the only important issue, safety and the application of alternative testing methods for toxicity are of crucial importance as well\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:24:53Z","timestamp":1646299493000},"page":"1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Nanocarriers as Active Ingredients Enhancers in the Cosmetic Industry\u2014The European and North America Regulation Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem S.A., Rua de J\u00falio Dinis 228, 4050-371 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9427-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ferreira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia M.","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Morris, D. 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